{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:20:44Z","timestamp":1791249644698,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]],"date-time":"2020-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002261","name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17-00-00393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-00-00393"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, the microbial communities of two nests of black garden ants (Lasius niger) in the hollows of stem branches of old apple trees were found to have similar species compositions: each community contained representatives of three species from the Bacillaceae family and one species of actinomycetes from the genus Streptomyces. In total, four types of bacilli and two actinomycetes were isolated. Actinomycetes were identified as Streptomyces antibioticus-like and Streptomyces sp. None of the bacilli had antibiotic activity, whereas both streptomycetes produced antibiotics that inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria in vitro, including isolates from their community. Antibiotic compounds of S. antibioticus-like strain INA 01148 (Institute of New Antibiotics) were identified as actinomycin D and its closest homologue, actinomycin A. Actinomycins presumably change the microbial community of the ant nest substrate as they act against Gram-positive bacteria and against fungi and Gram-negative bacteria. The antibiotic activity of the isolated Streptomyces sp. INA 01156 is of interest, since the substances produced by this strain inhibit the growth of drug-resistant bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus INA 00761 (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant strain Leuconostoc mesenteroides VKPM B-4177 (VR) (VKPM\u2013National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (Russian acronym)).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life10060091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]],"date-time":"2020-06-22T06:46:12Z","timestamp":1592808372000},"page":"91","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Antimicrobial Activity of Microorganisms Isolated from Ant Nests of Lasius niger"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9632-6854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana A.","family":"Efimenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alla A.","family":"Glukhova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariia V.","family":"Demiankova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuliya V.","family":"Boykova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia D.","family":"Malkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina G.","family":"Sumarukova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byazilya F.","family":"Vasilieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0659-9547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugene A.","family":"Rogozhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor A.","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladislav A.","family":"Krassilnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Russian Entomological Society, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3131-1031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga V.","family":"Efremenkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2016.72","article-title":"Antibiotics in the clinical pipeline at the end of 2015","volume":"70","author":"Butler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2012.27","article-title":"Thoughts and facts about antibiotics: Where we are now and where we are heading","volume":"65","author":"Berdy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"64","article-title":"Current State the Problem of Antibiotic Resistance of Pathogens","volume":"64","author":"Efimenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antibiot. Khimioterapiya"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14028","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.011513798","article-title":"In search of ant ancestors","volume":"97","author":"Schultz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/19619","article-title":"Ants, plants and antibiotics","volume":"398","author":"Schultz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.357","article-title":"A community of ants, fungi, and bacteria: A multilateral approach to studying symbiosis","volume":"55","author":"Currie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00204","article-title":"Microbiomes of ant castes implicate new microbial roles in the fungus-growing ant Trachymyrmex septentrionalis","volume":"1","author":"Ishak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1814","article-title":"Specificity in the Symbiotic Association Between Fungus-Growing Ants and Protective Pseudonocardia Bacteria","volume":"278","author":"Cafaro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2012.03.001","article-title":"Symbiont recruitment versus ant-symbiont co-evolution in the attine ant-microbe symbiosis","volume":"15","author":"Mueller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caldera, E.J., Chevrette, M.G., McDonald, B.R., and Currie, C.R. (2019). Local Adaptation of Bacterial Symbionts within a Geographic Mosaic of Antibiotic Coevolution. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 85.","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01580-19"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.159","article-title":"Dentigerumycin: A Bacterial Mediator of an Ant-Fungus Symbiosis","volume":"5","author":"Oh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2015.00034","article-title":"Endophytic and epiphytic microbes as \u201csources\u201d of bioactive agents","volume":"3","author":"Newman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13150","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1515348112","article-title":"Variable Genetic Architectures Produce Virtually Identical Molecules in Bacterial Symbionts of Fungus-Growing Ants","volume":"112","author":"Sit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/19519","article-title":"Fungus-growing ants use antibiotic-producing bacteria to control garden parasites","volume":"398","author":"Currie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17805","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904827106","article-title":"Generalized antifungal activity and 454-screening of Pseudonocardia and Amycolatopsis bacteria in nests of fungus-growing ants","volume":"106","author":"Sen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2009.09.006","article-title":"Actinobacteria as mutualists: General healthcare for insects?","volume":"17","author":"Kaltenpoth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2010.01.009","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of actinobacteria ectosymbionts from Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)","volume":"166","author":"Zucchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008441108","article-title":"Chemical basis of the synergism and antagonism in microbial communities in the nests of leaf-cutting ants","volume":"108","author":"Schoenian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4742","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812082106","article-title":"Candicidin-producing Streptomyces support leaf-cutting ants to protect their fungus garden against the pathogenic fungus Escovopsis","volume":"106","author":"Haeder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Arnoldi, K.V., and Dlussky, G.M. (1978). Key to Insects of the European Part of the USSR, Science."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Kupyanskaya, A.N. (1995). Key to Insects of the Far East of Russia, Science. (In Russian)."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.14411\/eje.2015.077","article-title":"Organization of honeydew collection by foragers of different species of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Effect of colony size and species specificity","volume":"112","author":"Novgorodova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1134\/S106235901103006X","article-title":"Microbiological characteristic of anthills of Lasius niger","volume":"38","author":"Golichenkov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3103\/S0096392514030109","article-title":"Comparative study of actinomycete communities associated with Lasius niger and Formica cunicularia ants and their nests","volume":"69","author":"Zakalyukina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Moscow Univ. Biol. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3103\/S0096392517010072","article-title":"Phenotypic and Phylogenetic Characterization of Actinomycetes Isolated from Lasius niger and Formica cunicularia Ants","volume":"72","author":"Zakalyukina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Moscow Univ. Biol. Sci. Bull. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glukhova, A.A., Karabanova, A.A., Yakushev, A.V., Semenyuk, I.I., Boykova, Y.V., Malkina, N.D., Efimenko, T.A., Ivankova, T.D., Terekhova, L.P., and Efremenkova, O.V. (2018). Antibiotic Activity of Actinobacteria from Digestive Tract of Millipede Nedyopus dawydoffiae (Diplopoda). Antibiotics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics7040094"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Gause, G.F., Preobrazhenskaya, T.P., Sveshnikova, M.A., Terekhova, L.P., and Maksimova, T.S. (1983). The Guide for Identification of Actinomycetes, Nauka. (In Russian)."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"317","article-title":"Methods for Characterization of Streptomyces Species","volume":"16","author":"Shirling","year":"1966","journal-title":"IJSB"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Stackebrandt, E., and Goodfellow, M. (1991). 16S\/23S rRNA sequencing. Nucleic Acids Techniques in Bacterial Systematics, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","article-title":"MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets","volume":"33","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Valagurova, E.V., Kozyritskaya, V.E., and Iutinskaya, G.A. (2003). Actinomycetes of Streptomyces Genus, Naukova dumka. (In Russian)."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodfellow, M., K\u00e4mpfer, P., Busse, H.J., Trujillo, M.E., Suzuki, K., Ludwig, W., and Whitman, W.B. (2012). Bergey\u2019s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Springer. [2nd ed.]. Volume 5: The Actinobacteria, Part A.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-68233-4"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Ye, X., Chai, W., Lian, X.Y., and Zhang, Z. (2016). New Metabolites and Bioactive Actinomycins from Marine-Derived Streptomyces sp. ZZ338. Mar. Drugs, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/md14100181"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-0717(99)00135-2","article-title":"Microbial activity and functional diversity in the mounds of three different ant species","volume":"32","author":"Dauber","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-018-9451-6","article-title":"Actinomycin-Producing Endophytic Streptomyces parvulus Associated with Root of Aloe vera and Optimization of Conditions for Antibiotic Production","volume":"11","author":"Chandrakar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicro. Prot."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2017.02.009","article-title":"Production, characterization and optimization of actinomycin D from Streptomyces hydrogenans IB310 (an antagonistic bacterium against phytopathogens)","volume":"10","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-005-0077-9","article-title":"Marcel Faber Roundtable: Is our antibiotic pipeline unproductive because of starvation, constipation or lack of inspiration?","volume":"33","author":"Baltz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbial. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)45051-X","article-title":"The chemical nature of actinomycin, an antimicrobial substance produced by Actinomyces antibioticus","volume":"142","author":"Waksman","year":"1942","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/10\/6\/91\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:41:31Z","timestamp":1760175691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/10\/6\/91"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["life10060091"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life10060091","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]]}}}