{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T22:20:59Z","timestamp":1767046859087,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As of January 2020, a new pandemic has spread from Wuhan and caused thousands of deaths worldwide. Several studies have observed a relationship between coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection and the cardiovascular system with the appearance of myocardial damage, myocarditis, pericarditis, heart failure and various arrhythmic manifestations, as well as an increase in thromboembolic risk. Cardiovascular manifestations have been highlighted especially in older and more fragile patients and in those with multiple cardiovascular risk factors such as cancer, diabetes, obesity and hypertension. In this review, we will examine the cardiac involvement associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, focusing on the pathophysiological mechanism underlying manifestations and their clinical implication, taking into account the main scientific papers published to date.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life10090165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T08:05:18Z","timestamp":1598515518000},"page":"165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Cardiovascular System in COVID-19: Simply a Viewer or a Leading Actor?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6066-5384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filiberto","family":"Mottola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Verde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Ricciolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2705-8558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Di Mauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Migliaccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Carfora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9452-3376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Spiniello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5897-4949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Coppola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit., University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Vanvitelli COVID-19 Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Epidemiology Working Group for NCIP Epidemic Response (2020). The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China. Chin. J. Epidemiol., 41, 145\u2013151.","key":"ref_1"},{"unstructured":"National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2020, July 25). Chinese Clinical Guidance for COVID-19 Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment (7th edition). Available online: http:\/\/kjfy.meetingchina.org\/msite\/news\/show\/cn\/3337.html.","key":"ref_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macera, M., De Angelis, G., Sagnelli, C., and Coppola, N. (2020). Vanvitelli COVID-19 group Clinical Presentation of COVID-19: Case Series and Review of the Literature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","key":"ref_3","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17145062"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sagnelli, C., Gentile, V., Tirri, R., Macera, M., Cappabianca, S., Ciccia, F., and Coppola, N. (2020). Vanvitelli COVID-19 group Chronic conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs masking severe SARS-CoV-2 manifestations in an elderly rheumatic patient. J. Infect.","key":"ref_4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.05.043"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047549","article-title":"The Science Underlying COVID-19: Implications for the Cardiovascular System","volume":"142","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.058","article-title":"Hypertension prevalence in human coronavirus disease: The role of ACE system in infection spread and severity","volume":"95","author":"Ruocco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus\u2014Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China","volume":"323","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.0950","article-title":"Association of Cardiac Injury with Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China","volume":"5","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.017","article-title":"Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047430","article-title":"Pulmonary Embolism in COVID-19 Patients: Awareness of an Increased Prevalence","volume":"142","author":"Poissy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.013","article-title":"Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19","volume":"191","author":"Klok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.024","article-title":"Venous and arterial thromboembolic complications in COVID-19 patients admitted to an academic hospital in Milan, Italy","volume":"191","author":"Lodigiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14830","article-title":"Prevalence of venous thromboembolism in patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia","volume":"18","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2020.03.001","article-title":"Cardiac troponin I in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Evidence from a meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Lippi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1017","article-title":"Cardiovascular Implications of Fatal Outcomes of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"5","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1105","article-title":"Association of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) with Myocardial Injury and Mortality","volume":"5","author":"Bonow","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2009.02153.x","article-title":"SARS-coronavirus modulation of myocardial ACE2 expression and inflammation in patients with SARS","volume":"39","author":"Oudit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2016.78","article-title":"Acute myocarditis associated with novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus","volume":"36","author":"Alhogbani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047164","article-title":"The Variety of Cardiovascular Presentations of COVID-19","volume":"141","author":"Fried","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inciardi, R.M., Lupi, L., Zaccone, G., Italia, L., Raffo, M., Tomasoni, D., Cani, D.S., Cerini, M., Farina, D., and Gavazzi, E. (2020). Coinvolgimento cardiaco in un paziente con malattia coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol.","key":"ref_21","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1096"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.03.031","article-title":"Cardiovascular Considerations for Patients, Health Care Workers, and Health Systems during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"75","author":"Driggin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm035","article-title":"Influenza epidemics and acute respiratory disease activity are associated with a surge in autopsy-confirmed coronary heart disease death: Results from 8 years of autopsies in 34 892 subjects","volume":"28","author":"Madjid","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2016.0433","article-title":"Seasonal Influenza Infections and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality","volume":"1","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0360-5","article-title":"COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system","volume":"17","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-020-04909-z","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2: A potential novel etiology of fulminant myocarditis","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Herz"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latif, F., Farr, M.A., Clerkin, K.J., Habal, M.V., Takeda, K., Naka, Y., Restaino, S., Sayer, G., and Uriel, N. (2020). Characteristics and Outcomes of Recipients of Heart Transplant with Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Cardiol., 13.","key":"ref_28","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.2159"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"7","article-title":"European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) consensus document on management of arrhythmias and cardiac electronic devices in the critically ill and post-surgery patient, endorsed by Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), Cardiac Arrhythmia Society of Southern Africa (CASSA), and Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS)","volume":"21","author":"Boriani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1775","article-title":"Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy","volume":"323","author":"Onder","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1717","article-title":"Systemic inflammation and arrhythmic risk: Lessons from rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"38","author":"Lazzerini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0098-z","article-title":"Cardioimmunology of arrhythmias: The role of autoimmune and inflammatory cardiac channelopathies","volume":"19","author":"Lazzerini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70187-1","article-title":"Cardiotoxicity of antimalarial drugs","volume":"7","author":"White","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"757","article-title":"Drug-induced ventricular tachycardia","volume":"86","author":"Fauchier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Mal. Coeur Vaiss."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"800","article-title":"Heart conduction disorders in long-term treatment with chloroquine. Two new cases","volume":"21","author":"Verny","year":"1992","journal-title":"La Presse M\u00e9dicale"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-019-0132-8","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.05.027","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine reduces heart rate by modulating the hyperpolarization-activated current If: Novel electrophysiological insights and therapeutic potential","volume":"12","author":"Capel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8630","article-title":"Association of Treatment with Hydroxychloroquine or Azithromycin with In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 in New York State","volume":"323","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jankelson, L., Karam, G., Becker, M.L., Chinitz, L.A., and Tsai, M.-C. (2020). QT prolongation, torsades de pointes, and sudden death with short courses of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine as used in COVID-19: A systematic review. Heart Rhythm.","key":"ref_39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2020.05.008"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0","article-title":"Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1","article-title":"2018 ESC\/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. The Task Force on myocardial revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)","volume":"20","author":"Neumann","year":"2019","journal-title":"G Italy Cardiol. (Rome)"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa254","article-title":"Acute pulmonary embolism and COVID-19 pneumonia: A random association?","volume":"41","author":"Danzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200067","DOI":"10.1148\/ryct.2020200067","article-title":"COVID-19 Complicated by Acute Pulmonary Embolism","volume":"2","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiol. Cardiothorac. Imaging"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carfora, V., Spiniello, G., Ricciolino, R., Di Mauro, M., Migliaccio, M.G., Mottola, F.F., Verde, N., Coppola, N., and Vanvitelli COVID-19 Group (2020). Anticoagulant treatment in COVID-19: A narrative review. J. Thromb. Thrombolysis, 1\u20137.","key":"ref_44","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-020-02242-0"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137244","article-title":"Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"130","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2020-0188","article-title":"Prominent changes in blood coagulation of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"58","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa106","article-title":"COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system: Implications for risk assessment, diagnosis, and treatment options","volume":"116","author":"Guzik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14768","article-title":"Abnormal coagulation parameter sare associated with poor prognosisin patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14817","article-title":"Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.5.8912753","article-title":"Value of perfusion lung scan in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: Results of the Prospective Investigative Study of Acute Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis (PISA-PED)","volume":"154","author":"Miniati","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.108.052217","article-title":"Sensitivity and Specificity of Perfusion Scintigraphy Combined with Chest Radiography for Acute Pulmonary Embolism in PIOPED II","volume":"49","author":"Sostman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-013-2425-8","article-title":"Perfusion SPECT in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism","volume":"40","author":"Bajc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01815-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01815-18","article-title":"TMPRSS2 Contributes to Virus Spread and Immunopathology in the Airways of Murine Models after Coronavirus Infection","volume":"93","author":"Okamura","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehta, N., Kalra, A., Nowacki, A.S., Anjewierden, S., Han, Z., Bhat, P., Carmona-Rubio, A.E., Jacob, M., Procop, G.W., and Harrington, S. (2020). Association of Use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers with Testing Positive for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol.","key":"ref_56","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1855"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047122","article-title":"Reperfusion of ST-Segment\u2013Elevation Myocardial Infarction in the COVID-19 Era","volume":"141","author":"Daniels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047525","article-title":"ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Patients with COVID-19","volume":"141","author":"Stefanini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e810","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047011","article-title":"CSC Expert Consensus on Principles of Clinical Management of Patients with Severe Emergent Cardiovascular Diseases during the COVID-19 Epidemic","volume":"141","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.004","article-title":"Management of Cardiovascular Disease during Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic","volume":"30","author":"Ganatra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2020). Infection Prevention and Control for COVID-19 in Healthcare Settings\u2014Third Update, ECDC.","key":"ref_61"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009166","article-title":"Reduced Rate of Hospital Admissions for ACS during Covid-19 Outbreak in Northern Italy","volume":"383","author":"Angelini","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccao.2020.03.001","article-title":"The Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Threat for Patients with Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer","volume":"2","author":"Ganatra","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Cardio. Oncol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monari, C., Gentile, V., Camaioni, C., Marino, G., Coppola, N., and Vanvitelli COVID-19 Group (2020). A Focus on the Nowadays Potential Antiviral Strategies in Early Phase of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19): A Narrative Review. Life, 10.","key":"ref_64","DOI":"10.3390\/life10080146"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/10\/9\/165\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:07:31Z","timestamp":1760177251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/10\/9\/165"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["life10090165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life10090165","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-1729"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]]}}}