{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:05:08Z","timestamp":1792789508629,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vironet C Foundation","award":["n.a."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n.a."]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016726","name":"Aviralia Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["n.a."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n.a."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016726","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Our study aimed to investigate the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in bile and in different body fluids of two SARS-CoV-2 positive patients with acute cholecystitis by innovative droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assays. For each patient, nasopharyngeal- and rectal swabs, bile, urine, and plasma samples were collected at different time points for SARS-CoV-2 RNA quantification by two ddPCR assays. For both patients, ddPCR revealed persistent and prolonged detection of viral RNA in the nasopharyngeal swab despite triple-negative or single-positive results by qRT-PCR. In Patient 1, SARS-CoV-2 RNA dropped more rapidly in bile and rectal-swab and declined slowly in nasopharyngeal swab and plasma, becoming undetectable in all compartments 97 days after symptoms started. Conversely, in patient 2, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected, even if at low copies, in all body samples (with the exception of urine) up to 75 days after the onset of symptoms. This study highlights that SARS-CoV-2 RNA can persist for a prolonged time in respiratory samples and in several biological samples despite negativity to qRT-PCR, supporting SARS-CoV-2\u2019s ability to provoke persistent and disseminated infection and therefore to contribute to extra-pulmonary clinical manifestations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life10110302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T08:18:23Z","timestamp":1606119503000},"page":"302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Long-Term SARS-CoV-2 Infection Associated with Viral Dissemination in Different Body Fluids Including Bile in Two Patients with Acute Cholecystitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Rossana","family":"Scutari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3500-0858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Piermatteo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo Ciancio","family":"Manuelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Emergency Unit, Emergency Department, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6938-8627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Iannetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of System Medicine, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2488-2082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romina","family":"Salpini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ada","family":"Bertoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4270-5079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Alteri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Saccomandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Concetta","family":"Bellocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6561-5298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Malagnino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of System Medicine, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Teti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of System Medicine, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Sforza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Emergency Unit, Emergency Department, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9218-1176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro","family":"Siragusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Grande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, 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