{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:26:10Z","timestamp":1760239570906,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]],"date-time":"2020-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Panam\u00e1, together with all the nations in Mesoamerica, has committed to eliminate malaria from the region by 2020. As these countries approach malaria elimination and local transmission decreases, an active molecular surveillance to identify genotypes circulating along the border areas is particularly needed to accurately infer infection origin, drug resistance and disease propagation patterns in the region. This study evaluated the genetic diversity and allele frequencies of msp-1, msp-2 and glurp genes using different molecular analyses (nested PCR, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing) from 106 autochthonous and imported P. falciparum isolates collected from different endemic areas in Panam\u00e1 between 2003 and 2019. We also explored if P. falciparum genotypes assessed with these molecular markers were associated with relevant malaria epidemiological parameters using a multiple correspondence analysis. A strong association of certain local haplotypes with their geographic distribution in endemic areas, but also with parasite load and presence of gametocytes, was evidenced. Few multiclonal infections and low genetic diversity among locally transmitted P. falciparum samples were detected, consequent with the low transmission intensity of this parasite in Panam\u00e1, a pattern likely to be extended across Mesoamerica. In addition, several imported cases were genetically dissimilar to local infections and representative of more diverse extra-continental lineages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life10120319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,29]],"date-time":"2020-11-29T21:00:57Z","timestamp":1606683657000},"page":"319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Plasmodium falciparum Genetic Diversity in Panam\u00e1 Based on glurp, msp-1 and msp-2 Genes: Implications for Malaria Elimination in Mesoamerica"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ana Mar\u00eda","family":"Santamar\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Investigaci\u00f3n en Parasitolog\u00eda, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panam\u00e1 0816-02593, Republic of Panama"},{"name":"Facultades de Ciencias Naturales Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Panam\u00e1, Panam\u00e1 4 3366, Republic of Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"V\u00e1squez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Investigaci\u00f3n en Parasitolog\u00eda, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panam\u00e1 0816-02593, Republic of Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2426-6511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chystrie","family":"Rigg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Investigaci\u00f3n en Parasitolog\u00eda, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panam\u00e1 0816-02593, Republic of Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dianik","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Referencia en Salud Publica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panam\u00e1 0816-02593, Republic of Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Referencia en Salud Publica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panam\u00e1 0816-02593, Republic of Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Justo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Referencia en Salud Publica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panam\u00e1 0816-02593, Republic of Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5301-2764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Fernando","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Costarricense de Investigaci\u00f3n y Ense\u00f1anza en Nutrici\u00f3n y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres R\u00edos 4-2250, Cartago 1, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azael","family":"Salda\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Investigaci\u00f3n en Parasitolog\u00eda, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panam\u00e1 0816-02593, Republic of Panama"},{"name":"Facultades de Ciencias Naturales Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Panam\u00e1, Panam\u00e1 4 3366, Republic of Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 E.","family":"Calzada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Investigaci\u00f3n en Parasitolog\u00eda, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panam\u00e1 0816-02593, Republic of Panama"},{"name":"Facultades de Ciencias Naturales Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Panam\u00e1, Panam\u00e1 4 3366, Republic of Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ministerio de Salud (2018). 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