{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:47:18Z","timestamp":1791920838667,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016868","name":"University of Minnesota Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AI089244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI089244"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) presents as an exaggerated immune reaction that occurs during dysregulated immune restoration in immunocompromised patients in late-stage human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who have commenced antiretroviral treatments (ART). Virtually any opportunistic pathogen can provoke this type of immune restoration disorder. In this review, we focus on recent developments in the identification of risk factors for Cryptococcal IRIS and on advancements in our understanding of C-IRIS immunopathogenesis. We overview new findings in blood and cerebrospinal fluid which can potentially be useful in the prediction and diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis IRIS (CM-IRIS). We assess current therapeutic regimens and novel treatment approaches to combat CM-IRIS. We discuss the utility of biomarkers for clinical monitoring and adjusting treatment modalities in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients co-infected with Cryptococcus who have initiated ART.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life11020095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T12:20:26Z","timestamp":1611750026000},"page":"95","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Cryptococcal Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: From Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers to Treatment Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1727-2710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e2nia Maria Sabadoto","family":"Brienze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto (FAMERP), 15090000 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0549-4527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falio C\u00e9sar","family":"Andr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine of S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto (FAMERP), 15090000 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabete","family":"Liso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto (FAMERP), 15090000 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Vlasova-St. Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, July 12). 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