{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T22:14:57Z","timestamp":1767651297800,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Breastfeeding has effects on health throughout the lives of mothers and babies. In 2014 in Italy, 10,976 babies were born through ART (assisted reproductive technology), accounting for 2.2% of annual births. The study aims to assess how both social and biological variables and the mode of conception influence breastfeeding. Methods: This observational study involves 161 pregnancies from three different modes of conception: homologous in vitro fertilization, ovum donation, and spontaneous pregnancies. Neonatal and maternal characteristics were collected from the hospital database, while breastfeeding outcomes were obtained through telephone interviews. Results: The mode of conception did not influence any of the breastfeeding outcomes. Breastfeeding duration was negatively affected by smoking. Vaginal delivery, birth weight &gt; 2500 g, delivery &gt; 37 gestational weeks, breastfeeding intention, and rooming-in are positively associated with the initiation of breastfeeding, while skin-to-skin contact and receiving information concerning breastfeeding are the most significant variables associated with its exclusivity and duration. Conclusions: The duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding are mainly related with information thereon, promotion, and breastfeeding support, but not with the mode of conception. It is essential to adequately support women from the outset in breastfeeding, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life11020110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T05:16:28Z","timestamp":1612156588000},"page":"110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Breastfeeding: Biological and Social Variables in Different Modes of Conception"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3569-0780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Pileri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and Neonate, Buzzi Children Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, via L. Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilenia","family":"di Bartolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and Neonate, Buzzi Children Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, via L. Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina Ilaria","family":"Mazzocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and Neonate, Buzzi Children Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, via L. Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3718-1784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Casazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Giani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and Neonate, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9217-3034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Cetin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and Neonate, Buzzi Children Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, via L. Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1476-7689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria Maria","family":"Savasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and Neonate, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01024-7","article-title":"Breastfeeding in the 21th century: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect","volume":"387","author":"Victora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries","volume":"153","author":"Chung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Evid. Rep. Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics (2012). Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. Pediatrics, 129, e827\u2013e841.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3552"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"CD010845","article-title":"Breastfeeding or nipple stimulation for reducing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour","volume":"2016","author":"Abedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"WHO (2019, January 02). Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child. Feeding. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/nutrition\/topics\/global_strategy\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Arts, M., Mehra, V., and Taylor, G. (2021, January 31). Breastfeeding. A Mother\u2019s Gift, for Every Child. Available online: https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/resources\/breastfeeding-a-mothers-gift-for-every-child\/."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"WHO (2019, December 15). Maternal and Newborn Health. 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