{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T03:18:16Z","timestamp":1790824696712,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/1\/2018\/SKK10\/UKM\/03\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2018\/SKK10\/UKM\/03\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease characterised by chondrocyte cell death. An in vitro model of chondrocyte cell death may facilitate drug discovery in OA management. In this study, the cytotoxicity and mode of cell death of SW1353 chondrocytes treated with 24 h of OA inducers, including interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and monosodium iodoacetate (MIA), were investigated. The microscopic features, oxidative (isoprostane) and inflammatory markers (tumour necrosis factor-alpha; TNF-\u03b1) for control and treated cells were compared. Our results showed that 24 h of H2O2 and MIA caused oxidative stress and a concentration-dependent reduction of SW1353 cell viability without TNF-\u03b1 level upregulation. H2O2 primarily induced chondrocyte apoptosis with the detection of blebbing formation, cell shrinkage and cellular debris. MIA induced S-phase arrest on chondrocytes with a reduced number of attached cells but without significant cell death. On the other hand, 24 h of IL-1\u03b2 did not affect the cell morphology and viability of SW1353 cells, with a significant increase in intracellular TNF-\u03b1 levels without inducing oxidative stress. In conclusion, each OA inducer exerts differential effects on SW1353 chondrocyte cell fate. IL-1\u03b2 is suitable in the inflammatory study but not for chondrocyte cell death. H2O2 and MIA are suitable for inducing chondrocyte cell death and growth arrest, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life11040272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T14:51:12Z","timestamp":1616683872000},"page":"272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Establishing SW1353 Chondrocytes as a Cellular Model of Chondrolysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2219-6297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kok-Lun","family":"Pang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoke Yue","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Medicine, Deanery of Clinical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lek Mun","family":"Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prima Nexus Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur 50470, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, Lincoln University College, Petaling Jaya 47301, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9045-5145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia Xian","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norzana Abd","family":"Ghafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9655-438X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ima Nirwana","family":"Soelaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6628-1552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kok-Yong","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"205","article-title":"Knee osteoarthritis prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis and features: Part I","volume":"2","author":"Heidari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Casp. 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