{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:56:17Z","timestamp":1760234177983,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,17]],"date-time":"2021-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RC1801NE08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC1801NE08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine (DIMET), Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy","award":["AGING Project for Department of Excellence"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGING Project for Department of Excellence"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011953","name":"Organisation Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OIV Research Grant 2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OIV Research Grant 2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011953","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\u2014Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating and untreatable motor neuron disease; smoking and alcohol drinking may impact its progression rate. Objective\u2014To ascertain the influence of smoking and alcohol consumption on ALS progression rates. Methods\u2014Cross-sectional multicenter study, including 241 consecutive patients (145 males); mean age at onset was 59.9 \u00b1 11.8 years. Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption data were collected at recruitment through a validated questionnaire. Patients were categorized into three groups according to \u0394FS (derived from the ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised and disease duration from onset): slow (n = 81), intermediate (80), and fast progressors (80). Results\u2014Current smokers accounted for 44 (18.3%) of the participants, former smokers accounted for 10 (4.1%), and non-smokers accounted for 187 (77.6%). The age of ALS onset was lower in current smokers than non-smokers, and the \u0394FS was slightly, although not significantly, higher for smokers of &gt;14 cigarettes\/day. Current alcohol drinkers accounted for 147 (61.0%) of the participants, former drinkers accounted for 5 (2.1%), and non-drinkers accounted for 89 (36.9%). The log(\u0394FS) was weakly correlated only with the duration of alcohol consumption (p = 0.028), but not with the mean number of drinks\/day or the drink-years. Conclusions: This cross-sectional multicenter study suggested a possible minor role for smoking in worsening disease progression. A possible interaction with alcohol drinking was suggested.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life11040352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]],"date-time":"2021-04-18T22:15:13Z","timestamp":1618784113000},"page":"352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Impact of Lifetime Alcohol and Cigarette Smoking Loads on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Progression: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3412-0628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aliona","family":"Cucovici","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"},{"name":"Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Fontana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Biostatistics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0840-1872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Ivashynka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8773-8651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICT Innovation &amp; Research Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Renna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Letizia","family":"Mazzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and ALS Centre, University of Piemonte Orientale, Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ileana","family":"Gagliardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and ALS Centre, University of Piemonte Orientale, Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9244-9782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Mandrioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2566-3671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5432-8859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitalie","family":"Lisnic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, State University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cNicolae Testemitanu\u201d, 2004 Chisinau, Moldova"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dafin Fior","family":"Muresanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine &amp; Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and \u201cRoNeuro\u201d Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Zarrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Copetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Biostatistics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6339-5738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio A.","family":"Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7564-8","article-title":"Prognostic factors for the course of functional status of patients with ALS: A systematic review","volume":"262","author":"Creemers","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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