{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:40:06Z","timestamp":1790743206562,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01 HL078784"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 HL078784"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leukocytes, including neutrophils, propelled by blood flow, can roll on inflamed endothelium using transient bonds between selectins and their ligands, and integrins and their ligands. When such receptor\u2013ligand bonds last long enough, the leukocyte microvilli become extended and eventually form thin, 20 \u00b5m long tethers. Tether formation can be observed in blood vessels in vivo and in microfluidic flow chambers. Tethers can also be extracted using micropipette aspiration, biomembrane force probe, optical trap, or atomic force microscopy approaches. Here, we review the biomechanical properties of leukocyte tethers as gleaned from such measurements and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. We also review and discuss viscoelastic models that describe the dependence of tether formation on time, force, rate of loading, and cell activation. We close by emphasizing the need to combine experimental observations with quantitative models and computer simulations to understand how tether formation is affected by membrane tension, membrane reservoir, and interactions of the membrane with the cytoskeleton.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life11060515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T23:33:33Z","timestamp":1622504013000},"page":"515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Biomechanics of Neutrophil Tethers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9579-6504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Cugno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8786-3711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Marki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9339-3672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Ley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaat4579","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aat4579","article-title":"Neutrophils: New insights and open questions","volume":"3","author":"Ley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. 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