{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T02:31:01Z","timestamp":1775529061136,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 is a viral disease characterized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. Since then, researchers from all over the world have been looking for ways to fight this disease. Many cases of complications arise from insufficient immune responses due to low immunity, with intense release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that can damage the structure of organs such as the lung. Thus, the hypothesis arises that photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) with the use of a low-level laser (LLLT) may be an ally approach to patients with COVID-19 since it is effective for increasing immunity, helping tissue repair, and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines. This systematic review was performed with the use of PubMed\/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar databases with the following keywords: \u201clow-level laser therapy OR photobiomodulation therapy AND COVID-19\u201d. The inclusion criteria were complete articles published from January 2020 to January 2021 in English. The exclusion criteria were other languages, editorials, reviews, brief communications, letters to the editor, comments, conference abstracts, and articles that did not provide the full text. The bibliographic search found 18 articles in the Pubmed\/MEDLINE database, 118 articles on the Web of Science, 23 articles on Scopus, and 853 articles on Google Scholar. Ten articles were included for qualitative synthesis, of which four commentary articles discussed the pathogenesis and the effect of PBMT in COVID-19. Two in vitro and lab experiments showed the effect of PBMT on prevention of thrombosis and positive results in wound healing during viral infection, using the intravascular irradiation (ILIB) associated with Phthalomethyl D. Two case reports showed PBMT improved the respiratory indexes, radiological findings, and inflammatory markers in severe COVID-19 patients. One case series reported the clinical improvement after PBMT on 14 acute COVID-19 patients, rehabilitation on 24 patients, and as a preventive treatment on 70 people. One clinical trial of 30 patients with severe COVID-19 who require invasive mechanical ventilation, showed PBMT-static magnetic field was not statistically different from placebo for the length of stay in the Intensive Care Unit, but improved diaphragm muscle function and ventilation and decreased the inflammatory markers. This review suggests that PBMT may have a positive role in treatment of COVID-19. Still, the necessity for more clinical trials remains in this field and there is not sufficient research evidence regarding the effects of PBMT and COVID-19 disease, and there is a large gap.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life11060580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T11:19:20Z","timestamp":1624015160000},"page":"580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Photobiomodulation Therapy as a Possible New Approach in COVID-19: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Brenda Thaynne Lima","family":"de Matos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB\/USP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9914-1262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela Vieira","family":"Buchaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Neuroanatomy, University Center of Adamantina (UniFAI), Medical School, Adamantina 17800-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2858-4717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina Torres","family":"Pomini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB\/USP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5035-876X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra Maria","family":"Barbalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Food Technology of Mar\u00edlia, Mar\u00edlia 17506-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9930-9694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elen Landgraf","family":"Guiguer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Food Technology of Mar\u00edlia, Mar\u00edlia 17506-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos Henrique Bertoni","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB\/USP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8963-8793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cleuber Rodrigo de Souza","family":"Bueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB\/USP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcelo Rodrigues da","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of Jundia\u00ed, Jundia\u00ed 13202-550, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eliana de Souza Bastos Mazuqueli","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5881-2218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rogerio Leone","family":"Buchaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB\/USP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-05762-w","article-title":"Review of the Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"2019","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa021","article-title":"The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e488","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30074-7","article-title":"Feasibility of controlling COVID-19 outbreaks by isolation of cases and contacts","volume":"8","author":"Hellewell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e129","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1709725","article-title":"High Risk of COVID-19 Infection for Head and Neck Surgeons","volume":"24","author":"Kulcsar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"e2019354","article-title":"Suspected COVID-19 case definition: A narrative review of the most frequent signs and symptoms among confirmed cases","volume":"29","author":"Iser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Serv. Saude"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.22161\/ijaers.75.34","article-title":"Loss of smell and COVID-19: Anatomical and physiological considerations","volume":"7","author":"Buchaim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Eng. Res. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0311-8","article-title":"The trinity of COVID-19: Immunity, inflammation and intervention","volume":"20","author":"Tay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weyh, C., Kr\u00fcger, K., and Strasser, B. (2020). Physical activity and diet shape the immune system during aging. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030622"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2021.4844","article-title":"Vitamin D, zinc and glutamine: Synergistic action with OncoTherad immunomodulator in interferon signaling and COVID-19 (Review)","volume":"47","author":"Name","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"621","article-title":"The effect of laser beams on the growth of hair in mice","volume":"9","author":"Mester","year":"1968","journal-title":"Radiobiol. Radiother."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2015.9848","article-title":"Low-level light\/laser therapy versus photobiomodulation therapy","volume":"33","author":"Anders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2019.09.031","article-title":"Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in bone repair: A systematic review","volume":"50","author":"Escudero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosso, M.P.O., Buchaim, D.V., Kawano, N., Furlanette, G., Pomini, K.T., and Buchaim, R.L. (2018). Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in peripheral nerve regeneration: A systematic review. Bioengineering, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering5020044"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-016-1939-2","article-title":"The new heterologous fibrin sealant in combination with low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in the repair of the buccal branch of the facial nerve","volume":"31","author":"Buchaim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pomini, K.T., Buchaim, D.V., Andreo, J.C., Rosso, M.P.O., Della Coletta, B.B., German, \u00cd.J.S., Biguetti, A.C.C., Shinohara, A.L., Rosa J\u00fanior, G.M., and Cosin Shindo, J.V.T. (2019). Fibrin sealant derived from human plasma as a scaffold for bone grafts associated with photobiomodulation therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071761"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2016.4204","article-title":"Efficacy of Laser Photobiomodulation on Morphological and Functional Repair of the Facial Nerve","volume":"35","author":"Buchaim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.08.023","article-title":"Stimulation of morphofunctional repair of the facial nerve with photobiomodulation, using the end-to-side technique or a new heterologous fibrin sealant","volume":"175","author":"Rosso","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2015.01.031","article-title":"Effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on peripheral nerve regeneration using fibrin glue derived from snake venom","volume":"46","author":"Buchaim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.07.023","article-title":"Effects of low-level laser therapy on autogenous bone graft stabilized with a new heterologous fibrin sealant","volume":"162","author":"Buchaim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosso, M.P.O., Buchaim, D.V., Pomini, K.T., Coletta, B.B.D., Reis, C.H.B., Pilon, J.P.G., Duarte J\u00fanior, G., and Buchaim, R.L. (2019). Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) applied in bone reconstructive surgery using bovine bone grafts: A systematic review. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12244051"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosso, M.P.O., Oyadomari, A.T., Pomini, K.T., Della Coletta, B.B., Shindo, J.V.T.C., Ferreira J\u00fanior, R.S., Barraviera, B., Cassaro, C.V., Buchaim, D.V., and de Bortoli Teixeira, D. (2020). Photobiomodulation Therapy Associated with Heterologous Fibrin Biopolymer and Bovine Bone Matrix Helps to Reconstruct Long Bones. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10030383"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-008-9064-4","article-title":"Low level laser therapy (LLLT) decreases pulmonary microvascular leakage, neutrophil influx and IL-1\u03b2 levels in airway and lung from rat subjected to LPS-induced inflammation","volume":"31","author":"Aimbire","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2014.01.008","article-title":"Low-level laser therapy inhibits bronchoconstriction, Th2 inflammation and airway remodeling in allergic asthma","volume":"194","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-012-1088-1","article-title":"Suppressive effect of low-level laser therapy on tracheal hyperresponsiveness and lung inflammation in rat subjected to intestinal ischemia and reperfusion","volume":"28","author":"Vitoretti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6798238","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6798238","article-title":"Low-level laser therapy reduces lung inflammation in an experimental model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease involving P2X7 receptor","volume":"2018","author":"Moraes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-020-03100-4","article-title":"ILIB (intravascular laser irradiation of blood) as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of patients with chronic systemic diseases\u2014An integrative literature review","volume":"35","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., and Altman, D.G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2020.11.005","article-title":"Effects of nitrite and far-red light on coagulation","volume":"107","author":"Wajih","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2020.111891","article-title":"Light as a potential treatment for pandemic coronavirus infections: A perspective","volume":"207","author":"Enwemeka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"JCR-2-118","article-title":"Role Low-Power Blue Laser With a Wavelength of 405 Nm in Increasing the Level of Nitric Oxide in Increasing the Resistance of Cells to the Virus (COVID-19) and its Effect on Virus (COVID-19) Mortality in Vitro","volume":"2","author":"Razzaghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"OSP J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"2","article-title":"Effect of Low Level Yellow Laser Light 589nm on Virus Prevention Corona Virus (COVID-19)","volume":"2","author":"Kamani","year":"2020","journal-title":"OSP J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"104","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy with Phthalomethyl D: Perspectives against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"8","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.29390\/cjrt-2020-015","article-title":"Low level laser therapy as a modality to attenuate cytokine storm at multiple levels, enhance recovery, and reduce the use of ventilators in COVID-19","volume":"56","author":"Mokmeli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Respir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.29390\/cjrt-2020-022","article-title":"Adjunct low level laser therapy (LLLT) in a morbidly obese patient with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: A case report","volume":"56","author":"Sigman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Respir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.926779","article-title":"A 57-year-old african american man with severe COVID-19 pneumonia who responded to supportive photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT): First use of PBMT in COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Sigman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Marchi, T., Francio, F., Ferlito, J.V., Weigert, R.M., de Oliveira, C.A., Merlo, A.P., Pandini, D.L., Junior, B.A.P., Giovanella, D.F., and Tomazoni, S.S. (2020). Effects of photobiomodulation therapy combined with static magnetic field (PBMT-sMF) in patients with severe COVID-19 requiring intubation a pragmatic randomized placebo-controlled trial. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.12.02.20237974"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"6626932","article-title":"Low-Level Laser Therapy in Prevention of the Development of Endothelial Dysfunction and Clinical Experience of Treatment and Rehabilitation of COVID-19 Patients","volume":"2021","author":"Moskvin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rehabil. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3934\/biophy.2017.3.337","article-title":"Mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation","volume":"4","author":"Hamblin","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIMS Biophys."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.34172\/jlms.2020.S4","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Photobiomudulation Therapy (Pbmt) in Covid-19 Infection","volume":"11","author":"Mokmeli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanna, R., Dalvi, S., S\u0103l\u0103gean, T., Bordea, I.R., and Benedicenti, S. (2020). Phototherapy as a rational antioxidant treatment modality in covid-19 management; new concept and strategic approach: Critical review. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9090875"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00647","article-title":"Low-Level Light Therapy Protects Red Blood Cells Against Oxidative Stress and Hemolysis During Extracorporeal Circulation","volume":"9","author":"Walski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2009.2638","article-title":"Low-level laser therapy associated to N-acetylcysteine lowers macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) mRNA expression and generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species in alveolar macrophages","volume":"28","author":"Villaverde","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2012.01214.x","article-title":"Low-level laser therapy restores the oxidative stress balance in acute lung injury induced by gut ischemia and reperfusion","volume":"89","author":"Albertini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155312","article-title":"Probable positive effects of the photobiomodulation as an adjunctive treatment in COVID-19: A systematic review","volume":"137","author":"Nejatifard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.1280","article-title":"1064 nm near-infrared multichannel Raman spectroscopy of fresh human lung tissues","volume":"36","author":"Min","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-020-00703-9","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy for COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Kipshidze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reduction of the Viral Load by Non-Invasive Photodynamic Therapy in Early Stages of COVID-19 infection","volume":"2","author":"Schikora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Virol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.102112","article-title":"Antiviral photodynamic therapy: Inactivation and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro using methylene blue and Radachlorin","volume":"33","author":"Svyatchenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0661-0","article-title":"Perspective: Improving vitamin D status in the management of COVID-19","volume":"74","author":"Ebadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03062-7","article-title":"The vascular endothelium: The cornerstone of organ dysfunction in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"24","author":"Pons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.17116\/kurort201794510-17","article-title":"The commonest therapeutic methods for laser irradiation of blood","volume":"94","author":"Moskvin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vopr. Kurortol. Fizioter. Lech. Fiz. Kult."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-016-1880-4","article-title":"Low-level laser irradiation effect on endothelial cells under conditions of hyperglycemia","volume":"31","author":"Szot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/11\/6\/580\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:18:20Z","timestamp":1760163500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/11\/6\/580"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["life11060580"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life11060580","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]}}}