{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T19:04:58Z","timestamp":1785179098299,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of our study was to evaluate the long-term outcomes of pediatric migraine and TTH in a clinical setting. We conducted a cohort study. Pediatric patients who visited the pediatric neurology clinic due to diagnoses of migraine or TTH were contacted by phone 8\u201310 years after their initial diagnosis and interviewed about their outcomes. Of 147 children, we were able to reach 120 (81%) patients. Of these 120 patients, 59 were seen initially due to migraine and 61 due to TTH. For the migraine patients, headaches improved in 48 (81.4%) and worsened in four (6.8%). Regarding diagnosis at follow-up, 59% still had migraine, 17% had TTH, and 23% were headache-free. Aura and photophobia were significantly associated with persistence of a migraine diagnosis. For the TTH patients, headaches improved in 49 (81.7%) and worsened in nine (15.0%). Regarding diagnosis at follow-up, 36.7% still had TTH, 18.3% had migraine, and 45% were headache-free. Of the patients with TTH, 36.7% retained their initial diagnosis compared to 59.3% among the migraine patients. Most pediatric patients presenting with migraine or TTH will experience a favorable outcome over 10 years, with TTH patients having twice the chance of complete resolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life11070684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T22:25:31Z","timestamp":1626215131000},"page":"684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Outcomes of Migraine and Tension-Type Headache in Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0080-8790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Genizi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology Unit, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 31048, Israel"},{"name":"Pediatric Department, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 31048, Israel"},{"name":"Bruce Rappaport Faulty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31048, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayellet","family":"Hendler-Sade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 31048, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idan","family":"Segal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology Unit, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 31048, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Bamberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 31048, Israel"},{"name":"Bruce Rappaport Faulty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31048, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Srugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 31048, Israel"},{"name":"Bruce Rappaport Faulty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31048, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nogah C.","family":"Kerem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 31048, Israel"},{"name":"Bruce Rappaport Faulty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31048, Israel"},{"name":"Adolescent Medicine Unit, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 31048, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-14-21","article-title":"The cross- ethnic variations in the prevalence of headache and other somatic complaints among adolescents in Northern Israel","volume":"4","author":"Genizi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abu-Arafeh, I., and Gelfand, A.A. (2021). The childhood migraine syndrome. Nat. Rev. Neurol.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00497-6"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(01)00416-7","article-title":"Pediatric migraine equivalents: Occurrence and clinical features in practice","volume":"26","author":"Shevell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2010.03793.x","article-title":"Prevalence of headache and migraine in children and adolescents: A systematic review of population-based studies","volume":"52","author":"Razak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-013-0341-z","article-title":"Epidemiology of migraine and headache in children and adolescents","volume":"17","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12741","article-title":"Frequency of pediatric migraine with aura in a clinic-based sample","volume":"56","author":"Genizi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1998.1807449.x","article-title":"Evolution of headache in childhood and adolescence: An 8-year follow-up","volume":"18","author":"Guidetti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13939","article-title":"Longitudinal Impact of Parent Factors in Adolescents with Migraine and Tension-Type Headache","volume":"60","author":"Law","year":"2020","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hockaday, J.M. (1988). Management of childhood migraine. Migraine in Childhood, Butterworths.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-407-01590-6.50013-6"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hockaday, J.M. (1988). Definitions, clinical features and diagnosis of migraine. Migraine in Childhood, Butterworth.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-407-01590-6.50010-0"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1979.tb01603.x","article-title":"Migraine in Childhood: A Study of 300 Children","volume":"21","author":"Congdon","year":"1979","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1983.hed2301015.x","article-title":"Changes in the prevalence of migraine and other headaches during the first seven school years","volume":"23","year":"1983","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202","article-title":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition","volume":"38","author":"Arnold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1997.1704488.x","article-title":"A 40-year follow up of school children with migraine","volume":"17","author":"Bille","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1997.1706662.x","article-title":"Outcome of early school-age migraine","volume":"17","author":"Tuominen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2006.01108.x","article-title":"Clinical features, classification and prognosis of migraine and tension-type headache in children and adolescents: A long-term follow-up study","volume":"26","author":"Kienbacher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2002.02229.x","article-title":"Migraine headaches in adolescents: A five-year follow-up study","volume":"42","author":"Camarda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000240131.69632.4f","article-title":"Prognosis of migraine headaches in adolescents: A 10-year follow-up study","volume":"67","author":"Monastero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102409351803","article-title":"Migraine with aura with onset in childhood and adolescence: Long-term natural history and prognostic factors","volume":"30","author":"Termine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.1999.3910737.x","article-title":"Outcome of juvenile headache in outpatients attending 23 Italian headache clinics. Italian Collaborative Study Group on Juvenile Headache (Societa Italiana Neuropsichiatria Infantile [SINPI])","volume":"39","author":"Mazzotta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2005.05138a.x","article-title":"Idiopathic headache in children under six years of age: A follow-up study","volume":"45","author":"Balottin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2005.01008.x","article-title":"Primary headaches in preschool age children: Clinical study and follow-up in 163 patients","volume":"26","author":"Battistella","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-020-05923-7","article-title":"Effects of estrogen and progesterone on the neurogenic inflammatory neuropeptides: Implications for gender differences in migraine","volume":"238","author":"Cetinkaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-020-00892-6","article-title":"Epidemiology of Headache in Children and Adolescents-Another Type of Pandemia","volume":"24","author":"Nieswand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1998.tb15413.x","article-title":"Childhood headaches: Discrete entities or continuum?","volume":"40","author":"Viswanathan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-016-0625-x","article-title":"Pediatric mixed headache: The relationship between migraine, tension-type headache and learning disabilities in a clinic-based sample","volume":"17","author":"Genizi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/11\/7\/684\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:29:43Z","timestamp":1760164183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/11\/7\/684"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["life11070684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life11070684","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]}}}