{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T04:37:57Z","timestamp":1775277477492,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":235,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Novel therapies for the treatment of COVID-19 are continuing to emerge as the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic progresses. PCR remains the standard benchmark for initial diagnosis of COVID-19 infection, while advances in immunological profiling are guiding clinical treatment. The SARS-Cov-2 virus has undergone multiple mutations since its emergence in 2019, resulting in changes in virulence that have impacted on disease severity globally. The emergence of more virulent variants of SARS-Cov-2 remains challenging for effective disease control during this pandemic. Major variants identified to date include B.1.1.7, B.1.351; P.1; B.1.617.2; B.1.427; P.2; P.3; B.1.525; and C.37. Globally, large unvaccinated populations increase the risk of more and more variants arising. With successive waves of COVID-19 emerging, strategies that mitigate against community transmission need to be implemented, including increased vaccination coverage. For treatment, convalescent plasma therapy, successfully deployed during recent Ebola outbreaks and for H1N1 influenza, can increase survival rates and improve host responses to viral challenge. Convalescent plasma is rich with cytokines (IL-1\u03b2, IL-2, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-8), CCL2, and TNF\u03b1, neutralizing antibodies, and clotting factors essential for the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clinical trials can inform and guide treatment policy, leading to mainstream adoption of convalescent therapy. This review examines the limited number of clinical trials published, to date that have deployed this therapy and explores clinical trials in progress for the treatment of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life11080734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,25]],"date-time":"2021-07-25T22:06:21Z","timestamp":1627250781000},"page":"734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["The Rise of SARS-CoV-2 Variants and the Role of Convalescent Plasma Therapy for Management of Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Moubarak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5763-7964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keneth Iceland","family":"Kasozi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Kabale University, Kabale P.O. Box 317, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8541-7304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helal F.","family":"Hetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5931-0466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazem M.","family":"Shaheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2429-5491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdur","family":"Rauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi 23561, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3097-2962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayder M.","family":"Al-kuraishy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyia University, P.O. Box 14022 Baghdad, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Safaa","family":"Qusti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eida M.","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 2440, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Tiyo","family":"Ayikobua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Soroti University, Soroti P.O. Box 211, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1849-7185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fred","family":"Ssempijja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Bushenyi P.O. Box 71, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam Moyosore","family":"Afodun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, Tororo P.O. Box 236, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ritah","family":"Kenganzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Bushenyi P.O. Box 71, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6624-1286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibe Michael","family":"Usman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Bushenyi P.O. Box 71, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2679-8949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juma John","family":"Ochieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Bushenyi P.O. Box 71, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3821-1527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence Obado","family":"Osuwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Soroti University, Soroti P.O. Box 211, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Matama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Bushenyi P.O. Box 71, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali I.","family":"Al-Gareeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad P.O. Box 14022, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Kairania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, Tororo P.O. Box 236, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Musenero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Science Technology and Innovations, Government of Uganda, Kampala P.O. Box 7466, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan Christina","family":"Welburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK"},{"name":"Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Joint Institute, Zhejiang University, International Campus, 718 East Haizhou Road, Haining 314400, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaber El-Saber","family":"Batiha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924","article-title":"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19): The Epidemic and the Challenges","volume":"55","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5448.1467","article-title":"Cultivation of a Novel Type of Common-Cold Virus in Organ Cultures","volume":"1","author":"Tyrrell","year":"1965","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monto, A.S., Cowling, B., and Peiris, J.S.M. (2014). Coronaviruses. Viral Infect. Hum. Epidemiol. Control., 199\u2013223.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-7448-8_10"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-121-30734","article-title":"A New Virus Isolated from the Human Respiratory Tract","volume":"121","author":"Hamre","year":"1966","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1086\/422851","article-title":"Commentary: McIntosh K, Chao R.K., Krause H.E., Wasil R, Mocega H.E., Mufson M.A. Coronavirus Infection in Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Disease of Infants. J Infect Dis 1974; 130:502\u20137","volume":"190","author":"McIntosh","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5592.606","article-title":"Cultivation of \u201cdifficult\u201d viruses from patients with common colds","volume":"1","author":"Tyrrell","year":"1968","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S223","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000188166.17324.60","article-title":"History and Recent Advances in Coronavirus Discovery","volume":"24","author":"Kahn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0849","article-title":"The Origin of COVID-19 and Why It Matters","volume":"103","author":"Morens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102434","article-title":"The deadly coronaviruses: The 2003 SARS pandemic and the 2020 novel coronavirus epidemic in China","volume":"109","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.03.003","article-title":"Epidemiology, genetic recombination, and pathogenesis of coronaviruses","volume":"24","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janik, E., Bartos, M., Niemcewicz, M., Gorniak, L., and Bijak, M. (2021). SARS-CoV-2: Outline, Prevention, and Decontamination. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10020114"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.04.033","article-title":"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Emergence, history, basic and clinical aspects","volume":"27","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq106","article-title":"Convalescent plasma treatment reduced mortality in patients with severe pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infection","volume":"52","author":"Hung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-145-8-200610170-00139","article-title":"Meta-analysis: Convalescent blood products for Spanish influenza pneumonia: A future H5N1 treatment?","volume":"145","author":"Luke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Zhao, S., Teng, T., Abdalla, A.E., Zhu, W., Xie, L., Wang, Y., and Guo, X. (2020). Systematic comparison of two animal-to-human transmitted human coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020244"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, June 10). Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). World Health Organization, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-(mers-cov)."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Worldometer (2021, June 10). COVID Live Update: The Coronavirus. Worldometer, Available online: https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/?utm_campaign=homeAdvegas1?."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adachi, S., Koma, T., Doi, N., Nomaguchi, M., and Adachi, A. (2020). Commentary: Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Front Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00811"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.05.091","article-title":"Effect of a wet market on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) transmission dynamics in China, 2019\u20132020","volume":"97","author":"Mizumoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, November 17). 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan for the South-East Asia Region. WHO-South East Asia., Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/searo\/whe\/coronavirus19\/covid-19-sprp-whe-searo-feb-2020.pdf?sfvrsn=9ee49760_2."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quinlan, B.D., Mou, H., Zhang, L., Guo, Y., He, W., Ojha, A., Parcells, M.S., Luo, G., Li, W., and Zhong, G. (2020). The SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain elicits a potent neutralizing response without antibody-dependent enhancement. Immunity.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.10.036418"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.3181\/0903-MR-94","article-title":"Coronavirus diversity, phylogeny and interspecies jumping","volume":"234","author":"Woo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.02.018","article-title":"Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing","volume":"80","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Baron, S. (1996). Alphaviruses (Togaviridae) and Flaviviruses (Flaviviridae). Medical Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jawhara, S. (2020). Could Intravenous immunoglobulin collected from recovered coronavirus patients protect against COVID-19 and strengthen the immune system of new patients?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072272"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30154-9","article-title":"A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: A study of a family cluster","volume":"395","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Navigating the COVID-19 Pandemic by Caring for Our Health Care Workforce as They Care for Our Patients","volume":"2","author":"Frush","year":"2020","journal-title":"NEJM Catal. Innov. Care Deliv."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14768","article-title":"Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.11.012","article-title":"D614G spike mutation increases SARSCoV-2 susceptibility to neutralization","volume":"29","author":"Weissman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000607","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00607-2020","article-title":"Pathogenesis of COVID-19 from a cell biology perspective","volume":"55","author":"Mason","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104351","article-title":"Emergence of genomic diversity and recurrent mutations in SARS-CoV-2","volume":"83","author":"Acman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2020.07.011","article-title":"Immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection: The role of interferons type I and type III","volume":"24","author":"Portela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107171","article-title":"Potential role of interferons in treating COVID-19 patients","volume":"90","author":"Zarei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Che, Q., Ji, X., Meng, X., Zhang, L., Jia, R., Lyu, H., Bai, W., Tan, L., and Gao, Y. (2021). Correlation between lung infection severity and clinical laboratory indicators in patients with COVID-19: A cross-sectional study based on machine learning. BMC Infect. Dis., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05839-9"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30434-5","article-title":"Pulmonary post-mortem findings in a series of COVID-19 cases from northern Italy: A two-centre descriptive study","volume":"20","author":"Carsana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m3862","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3862","article-title":"Virology, transmission, and pathogenesis of SARS CoV-2","volume":"371","author":"Cevik","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2020.00196","article-title":"Molecular Pathogenesis, Immunopathogenesis and Novel Therapeutic Strategy Against COVID-19","volume":"7","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-00932-w","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Interest and Concern naming scheme conducive for global discourse","volume":"6","author":"Konings","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"WHO (2021, June 10). Tracking SARS-CoV-2 Variants. World Health Organization, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/activities\/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants\/."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-21-893","article-title":"How will emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants impact herd immunity?","volume":"9","author":"Lippi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0770-5","article-title":"A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 to assist genomic epidemiology","volume":"5","author":"Rambaut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25699","article-title":"The first two cases of 2019-nCoV in Italy: Where they come from?","volume":"92","author":"Giovanetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Li, H., Wu, X., Zhong, Y., Zhang, K., Zhang, Y.P., Boerwinkle, E., and Fu, Y.X. (2004). Moderate mutation rate in the SARS coronavirus genome and its implications. BMC Evol. Biol., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-4-21"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31257","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.31257","article-title":"MERS-CoV spillover at the camel-human interface","volume":"7","author":"Dudas","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(03)00865-9","article-title":"Unique and conserved features of genome and proteome of SARS-coronavirus, an early split-off from the coronavirus group 2 lineage","volume":"331","author":"Snijder","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5108","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0508200103","article-title":"Discovery of an RNA virus 3\u2018 > 5\u2018 exo-ribonuclease that is critically involved in coronavirus RNA synthesis","volume":"103","author":"Minskaia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Lythgoe, K.A., Hall, M., Ferretti, L., de Cesare, M., MacIntyre-Cockett, G., Trebes, A., Andersson, M., Otecko, N., Wise, E.L., and Moore, N. (2020). Shared SARS-CoV-2 diversity suggests localised transmission of minority variants. bioRxiv."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mutation D614G increases SARS-CoV-2 transmission","volume":"6","author":"Arora","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64.e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.11.020","article-title":"Evaluating the Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Mutation D614G on Transmissibility and Pathogenicity","volume":"184","author":"Volz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24448-2","article-title":"APOBEC3-mediated restriction of RNA virus replication","volume":"8","author":"Milewska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naveca, F.G., Nascimento, V., de Souza, V.C., Corado, A.D.L., Nascimento, F., Silva, G., Costa, \u00c1., Duarte, D., Pessoa, K., and Mej\u00eda, M. (2021). COVID-19 in Amazonas, Brazil, was driven by the persistence of endemic lineages and P.1 emergence. Nat. Med., 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01378-7"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabino, E.C., Buss, L.F., Carvalho, M., Prete, C.A., Crispim, M., Fraiji, N.A., Pereira, R., Parag, K.V., da Silva Peixoto, P., and Kraemer, M. (2021). Resurgence of COVID-19 in Manaus, Brazil, despite High Sero-prevalence. Lancet.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00183-5"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.08.010","article-title":"Cytosine deamination and selection of CpG suppressed clones are the two major independent biological forces that shape codon usage bias in coronaviruses","volume":"369","author":"Woo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa188","article-title":"Evidence for Strong Mutation Bias toward, and Selection against, U Content in SARS-CoV-2: Implications for Vaccine Design","volume":"38","author":"Rice","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabb5813","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb5813","article-title":"Evidence for host-dependent RNA editing in the transcriptome of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"6","author":"Martignano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00408-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00408-20","article-title":"Rampant C\u2192U hypermutation in the genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses: Causes and consequences for their short- and longterm evolutionary trajectories","volume":"5","author":"Simmonds","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domingo-Calap, P., Schubert, B., Joly, M., Solis, M., Untrau, M., Carapito, R., Georgel, P., Caillard, S., Fafi-Kremer, S., and Paul, N. (2018). An unusually high substitution rate in transplant-associated BK polyomavirus in vivo is further concentrated in HLA-C-bound viral peptides. PLoS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007368"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"463.e6","article-title":"Comprehensive mapping of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain that affect recognition by polyclonal human plasma antibodies","volume":"29","author":"Greaney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30079-5","article-title":"Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A single-centered, retrospective, observational study","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"e927167-1","article-title":"A Study on the Predictors of Disease Severity of COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit. Int. Med. J. Exp. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13063","article-title":"Early antiviral treatment contributes to alleviate the severity and improve the prognosis of patients with novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19)","volume":"288","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e438","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(20)30145-9","article-title":"Coagulation abnormalities and thrombosis in patients with COVID-19","volume":"7","author":"Levi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-2003","article-title":"Autopsy Findings and Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With COVID-19","volume":"173","author":"Wichmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03077-0","article-title":"The unique characteristics of COVID-19 coagulopathy","volume":"24","author":"Iba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2000929","article-title":"A novel coronavirus emerging in China\u2014key questions for impact assessment","volume":"382","author":"Munster","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30185-9","article-title":"A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern","volume":"395","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14810","article-title":"ISTH interim guidance on recognition and management of coagulopathy in COVID-19","volume":"18","author":"Thachil","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"401","article-title":"The etiology of lower respiratory tract infections in people with diabetes","volume":"83","author":"Klekotka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pneumonol. Alergol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2342","article-title":"Preparing for the Most Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: The Potential Role of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation","volume":"323","author":"MacLaren","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14657","article-title":"Risk factors for severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients: A review","volume":"76","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9490","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2004168117","article-title":"Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"117","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa310","article-title":"Profiling early humoral response to diagnose novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19)","volume":"71","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou 2020, C., Bu, G., Sun, Y., Ren, C., Qu, M., Gao, Y., Zhu, Y., Wang, L., Sun, L., and Liu, Y. (2020). Evaluation of serum IgM and IgG antibodies in COVID-19 patients by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. J. Med. Virol., 93, 2857\u20132866.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26741"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa505","article-title":"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Neutralizing Antibody Titers in Convalescent Plasma and Recipients in New Mexico: An Open Treatment Study in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019","volume":"222","author":"Bradfute","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pau, A.K., Aberg, J., Baker, J., Belperio, P.S., Coopersmith, C., Crew, P., Glidden, D.V., Grund, B., Gulick, R.M., and Harrison, C. (2021). Convalescent plasma for the treatment of COVID-19: Perspectives of the National Institutes of Health COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. Ann. Intern. Med.","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-6448"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"486.e6","article-title":"A replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus for studies of SARS-CoV-2 spike-mediated cell entry and its inhibition","volume":"28","author":"Dieterle","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.06.028","article-title":"Safety update: COVID-19 convalescent plasma in 20,000 hospitalized patients","volume":"95","author":"Joyner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60667-8","article-title":"Ebola haemorrhagic fever","volume":"377","author":"Feldmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1545","article-title":"Treatment of Ebola virus disease","volume":"35","author":"Kilgore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacother. J. Hum. Pharmacol. Drug Ther."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n781","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n781","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine shortages: What is the cause and what are the implications?","volume":"372","author":"Torjesen","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4783","article-title":"Treatment of 5 critically ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma","volume":"323","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.7456","article-title":"Testing an Old Therapy against a New Disease: Convalescent Plasma for COVID-19","volume":"323","author":"Rubin","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Wiley, S.R. (2019). Adaptive immunity profiling and methods for generation of monoclonal antibodies. (EP 3 059 337 B1), U.S. Patent, Available online: https:\/\/patentimages.storage.googleapis.com\/02\/7b\/8a\/c0c66b506293ed\/EP3059337B1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S281388","article-title":"Convalescent Plasma Therapy for Management of COVID-19: Perspectives and Deployment in the Current Global Pandemic","volume":"13","author":"Samad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2147\/BTT.S272063","article-title":"Convalescent Plasma for the Treatment of Severe COVID-19","volume":"15","author":"Franchini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biologics Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2020.102858","article-title":"Passive immunotherapy with convalescent plasma against COVID-19? What about the evidence base and clinical trials?","volume":"59","author":"Garraud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transfus. Apher. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"1","article-title":"Convalescent plasma to treat critically ill patients with COVID-19: Framing the need for randomised clinical trials","volume":"24","author":"Estcourt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eRW6186","DOI":"10.31744\/einstein_journal\/2021RW6186","article-title":"Convalescent plasma therapy in COVID-19 critically ill patients during advanced phases of clinical trials and their preliminary results","volume":"19","author":"Nucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Einstein"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.12.980","article-title":"Overview of the immune response","volume":"125","author":"Chaplin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bloch, E.M., Goel, R., Montemayor, C., Cohn, C., and Tobian, A.A. (2021). Promoting access to COVID-19 convalescent plasma in low- and middle-income countries. Transfus. Apher. Sci., 60.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2020.102957"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.15406\/htij.2021.09.00247","article-title":"Convalescent plasma therapy for Covid 19\u2014A perspective","volume":"9","author":"Mahmood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hematol. Transfus. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"WHO (2021, June 10). Ethics of Using Convalescent Whole Blood and Convalescent Plasma during the Ebola Epidemic. World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/161912."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.08.011","article-title":"Positive aspects, negative aspects and limitations of plasma therapy with special reference to COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Nagoba","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Heal."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104358","article-title":"Challenges of Convalescent Plasma Therapy on COVID-19","volume":"127","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100931","article-title":"Convalescent plasma therapy in patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19: A study from Indonesia for clinical research in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"36","author":"Rejeki","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e239762","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-239762","article-title":"Convalescent plasma for COVID-19 complicated by ARDS due to TRALI","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vial, P.A., Valdivieso, F., Calvo, M., Rioseco, M.L., Riquelme, R., Araneda, A., Tomicic, V., Graf, J., Paredes, L., and Florenzano, M. (2014). A nonrandomized multicentre trial of human immune plasma for treatment of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome by ANDV. Antivir. Ther.","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2875"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13777","article-title":"Reversion of advanced Ebola virus disease in nonhuman primates with ZMapp","volume":"514","author":"Qiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-014-4746-7","article-title":"Fighting Ebola with ZMapp: Spotlight on plant-made antibody","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1409838","article-title":"Clinical care of two patients with Ebola virus disease in the United States","volume":"371","author":"Lyon","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1910.92550480001001i","article-title":"Experimental Poliomyelitis in Monkeys: Seventh Note: Active Immunization and Passive Serum Protection","volume":"54","author":"Flexner","year":"1910","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra113","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006608","article-title":"Therapeutic intervention of Ebola virus infection in rhesus macaques with the MB-003 monoclonal antibody cocktail","volume":"5","author":"Pettitt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17182","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1414164111","article-title":"Structures of protective antibodies reveal sites of vulnerability on Ebola virus","volume":"111","author":"Murin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"241","article-title":"Update: Outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome-worldwide, 2003","volume":"52","author":"Tsang","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2003.024588","article-title":"Serial analysis of the plasma concentration of SARS coronavirus RNA in pediatric patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"49","author":"Ng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.05320-0","article-title":"Description and clinical treatment of an early outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangzhou, PR China","volume":"52","author":"Zhao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20502","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.18.24.20502-en","article-title":"First cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in France, investigations and implications for the prevention of human-to-human transmission, France, May 2013","volume":"18","author":"Mailles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1408795","article-title":"Middle East respiratory syndrome","volume":"376","author":"Arabi","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.25259\/IJMS_33_2020","article-title":"Coronavirus: Hotspot on coronavirus disease 2019 in India","volume":"72","author":"Cheke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000057","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.4.2000057","article-title":"Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) early-stage importation risk to Europe, January 2020","volume":"25","author":"Pullano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.25.4.581","article-title":"A report on the serum treatment of twenty-six cases of epidemic poliomyelitis","volume":"25","author":"Amoss","year":"1917","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.8.10.741","article-title":"The Use of Convalescent Human Serum in Influenza Pneumonia\u2014A Preliminary Report","volume":"8","author":"McGuire","year":"1918","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.3652.12","article-title":"Convalescent serum in prophylaxis of measles","volume":"1","author":"Nabarro","year":"1931","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2010.02590.x","article-title":"Convalescent transfusion for pandemic influenza: Preparing blood banks for a new plasma product?","volume":"50","author":"Leider","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-004-1271-9","article-title":"Use of convalescent plasma therapy in SARS patients in Hong Kong","volume":"24","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu396","article-title":"The effectiveness of convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe acute respiratory infections of viral etiology: A systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis","volume":"211","author":"Baillie","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1978). Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976. Report of an international commission. Bull World Health Organ, 56, 271\u2013293."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"115","article-title":"Clinical Management of Patients with Ebola Virus Disease in High-Resource Settings","volume":"411","author":"Mehta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6086.541","article-title":"A case of Ebola virus infection","volume":"2","author":"Emond","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00180-0","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome after convalescent plasma use: Treatment of a patient with Ebola virus disease contracted in Madrid, Spain","volume":"3","author":"Arsuaga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4649","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.10.4649-4654.2001","article-title":"Passive transfer of antibodies protects immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice against lethal Ebola virus infection without complete inhibition of viral replication","volume":"75","author":"Gupta","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/7422","article-title":"Defective humoral responses and extensive intravascular apoptosis are associated with fatal outcome in Ebola virus-infected patients","volume":"5","author":"Baize","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, June 10). Use of Convalescent Whole Blood or Plasma Collected from Patients Recovered from Ebola Virus Disease for Transfusion, as an Empirical Treatment during Outbreaks: Interim Guidance for National Health Authorities and Blood Transfusion Services. Version 1.0. September 2014. World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/135591."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2017.07.002","article-title":"Clinical Evaluation of Ebola Virus Disease Therapeutics","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ334","article-title":"The use of TKM-100802 and convalescent plasma in 2 patients with Ebola virus disease in the United States","volume":"61","author":"Kraft","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ680","article-title":"The Use of Ebola Convalescent Plasma to Treat Ebola Virus Disease in Resource-Constrained Settings: A Perspective from the Field","volume":"62","author":"Delamou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9927","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89444-5","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of convalescent plasma therapy against standard therapy in patients with severe COVID-19 disease","volume":"11","author":"AlQahtani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-0530","article-title":"Characteristics and clinical management of a cluster of 3 patients with Ebola virus disease, including the first domestically acquired cases in the United States","volume":"163","author":"Liddell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211721","article-title":"Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia","volume":"367","author":"Zaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). Guidelines on Assessing Donor Suitability for Blood Donation, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60454-8","article-title":"Middle East respiratory syndrome","volume":"386","author":"Zumla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2307.170310","article-title":"MERS-CoV Antibody Responses 1 Year after Symptom Onset, South Korea, 2015","volume":"23","author":"Choe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-2907","article-title":"Hyperimmune IV immunoglobulin treatment: A multicenter double-blind randomized controlled trial for patients with severe 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection","volume":"144","author":"Hung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Letko, M., and Munster, V. (2020). Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for lineage B \u03b2-coronaviruses, including 2019-nCoV. BioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.01.22.915660"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, X., Wu, C., Li, X., Song, Y., Yao, X., Wu, X., Duan, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., and Qian, Z. (2020). On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Natl. Sci. Rev., nwaa036.","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa036"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RECOVERY Collaborative Group (2020). Lopinavir-ritonavir in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): A randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet, 396, 1345\u20131352.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32013-4"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00937","article-title":"A Snapshot of the Global Race for Vaccines Targeting SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"11","author":"Funk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2020.10.006","article-title":"Vaccines against COVID-19","volume":"39","author":"Locht","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anaesth. Crit. Care Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"256","article-title":"Internet access to the National Library of Medicine","volume":"3","author":"Lindberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eff. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richardson, T., Johnston, A.M., and Draper, H. (2017). A systematic review of Ebola treatment trials to assess the extent to which they adhere to ethical guidelines. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168975"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S400","DOI":"10.1086\/520587","article-title":"Ebola hemorrhagic fever: Evaluation of passive immunotherapy in nonhuman primates","volume":"196","author":"Jahrling","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"654","article-title":"Convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19","volume":"136","author":"Bloch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2020.06.003","article-title":"International survey of trials of convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19 infection","volume":"34","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30196-1","article-title":"Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: An observational cohort study","volume":"20","author":"To","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa344","article-title":"Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of novel coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"71","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30253-X","article-title":"Anti-influenza hyperimmune intravenous immunoglobulin for adults with influenza A or B infection (FLU-IVIG): A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Markowitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.6.937","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin treatment of RSV lower respiratory tract infection in previously healthy children","volume":"100","author":"Rodriguez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2020.04.002","article-title":"COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma: Now Is the Time for Better Science","volume":"34","author":"Dzik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01224","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Treatment Approaches: Numerous Options, No Certainty for a Versatile Virus","volume":"11","author":"Iacob","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"152","article-title":"Convalescent plasma: New evidence for an old therapeutic tool?","volume":"14","author":"Marano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2014.10.003","article-title":"Ebola virus convalescent blood products: Where we are now and where we may need to go","volume":"51","author":"Burnouf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfus. Apher. Sci."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0704.017432","article-title":"Treatment of West Nile virus encephalitis with intravenous immunoglobulin","volume":"7","author":"Shimoni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.1086\/377172","article-title":"The role for intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of West Nile virus encephalitis","volume":"37","author":"Haley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102375","article-title":"Ebola virus disease: An emerging and re-emerging viral threat","volume":"106","author":"Rojas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102554","article-title":"Convalescent plasma in COVID-19: Possible mechanisms of action","volume":"19","author":"Rojas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2020.1796963","article-title":"Antibody-based immunotherapeutics and use of convalescent plasma to counter COVID-19: Advances and prospects","volume":"20","author":"Sharun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI138003","article-title":"The convalescent sera option for containing COVID-19","volume":"130","author":"Casadevall","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25882","article-title":"Treatment with convalescent plasma for COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China","volume":"92","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200839","article-title":"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 RNA Detected in Blood Donations","volume":"26","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000049","article-title":"Empirical study of risk assessment and allocation of public-private partnership projects in China","volume":"27","author":"Chan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Manag. Eng."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tracli.2015.12.003","article-title":"Plasma therapy against infectious pathogens, as of yesterday, today and tomorrow","volume":"23","author":"Garraud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transfus. Clin. Biol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.253","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin in neurology\u2014mode of action and clinical efficacy","volume":"11","author":"Nimmerjahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102537","article-title":"The Role of Cytokines including Interleukin-6 in COVID-19 induced Pneumonia and Macrophage Activation Syndrome-Like Disease","volume":"19","author":"Gonaglea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, S., Yi, Q., Fan, S., Lv, J., Zhang, X., Guo, L., Lang, C., Xiao, Q., Xiao, K., and Yi, Z. (2020). Characteristics of lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in peripheral blood of 123 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP). MedRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.10.20021832"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.009","article-title":"Evaluation of convalescent whole blood for treating Ebola Virus Disease in Freetown, Sierra Leone","volume":"74","author":"Sahr","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc070359","article-title":"Treatment with convalescent plasma for influenza A (H5N1) infection","volume":"357","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.10.009","article-title":"Successful treatment of avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) infection using convalescent plasma","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00542-x","article-title":"Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Taylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"105","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus and reactive airway disease","volume":"372","author":"Lotz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181d44c1e","article-title":"Hark back: Passive immunotherapy for influenza and other serious infections","volume":"38","author":"Luke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200702-271OC","article-title":"Transfusion-related acute lung injury in the critically ill: Prospective nested case-control study","volume":"176","author":"Gajic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02015-19","article-title":"Molecular mechanism for antibody-dependent enhancement of coronavirus entry","volume":"94","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2020.102790","article-title":"Treatment for emerging viruses: Convalescent plasma and COVID-19","volume":"59","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transfus. Apher. Sci."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3910","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.7.3910","article-title":"Passively acquired antibodies suppress humoral but not cell-mediated immunity in mice immunized with live attenuated respiratory syncytial virus vaccines","volume":"167","author":"Crowe","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910993","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of Ebola virus disease therapeutics","volume":"381","author":"Mulangu","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s43069-021-00072-1","article-title":"A Multiclass, Multiproduct COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Donor Equilibrium Model","volume":"2","author":"Nagurney","year":"2021","journal-title":"SN Oper. Res. Forum"},{"key":"ref_181","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). Blood Donor Selection: Guidelines on Assessing Donor Suitability for Blood Donation, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu330","article-title":"Interaction between dietary sodium and smoking increases the risk for rheumatoid arthritis: Results from a nested case\u2013control study","volume":"54","author":"Johansson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12376","article-title":"Pathogen-reduced Ebola virus convalescent plasma: First steps towards standardization of manufacturing and quality control including assessment of Ebola-specific neutralizing antibodies","volume":"110","author":"Geisen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4773","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.AC120.013056","article-title":"The antiviral compound remdesivir potently inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus","volume":"295","author":"Gordon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0000000000000191","article-title":"The use of convalescent plasma to treat emerging infectious diseases: Focus on Ebola virus disease","volume":"22","author":"Winkler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_186","first-page":"10","article-title":"Convalescent plasma in the management of moderate COVID-19 in adults in India: Open label phase II multicentre randomised controlled trial (PLACID Trial)","volume":"371","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e138","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00030-6","article-title":"Potential benefit of convalescent plasma transfusions in immunocompromised patients with COVID-19","volume":"2","author":"Rodionov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2035678","article-title":"(A Little) Clarity on Convalescent Plasma for COVID-19","volume":"384","author":"Katz","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, M.P., Papenburg, J., Desjardins, M., Kanjilal, S., Quach, C., Libman, M., Dittrich, S., and Yansouni, C.P. (2020). Diagnostic testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome\u2013related coronavirus-2: A narrative review. Ann. Intern. Med.","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-1301"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.570063","article-title":"Convalescent Plasma: The Relay Baton in the Race for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Treatment","volume":"11","author":"Ouyang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanders, R.W., Derking, R., Cupo, A., Julien, J.-P., Yasmeen, A., de Val, N., Kim, H.J., Blattner, C., de la Pe\u00f1a, A.T., and Korzun, J. (2013). A next-generation cleaved, soluble HIV-1 Env trimer, BG505 SOSIP. 664 gp140, expresses multiple epitopes for broadly neutralizing but not non-neutralizing antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003618"},{"key":"ref_192","unstructured":"European Comission (2021, June 10). An EU Programme of COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Collection and Transfusion-Guidance on Collection, Testing, Processing, Storage, Distribution and Monitored Use. Available online: https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwj1-tiyu6XxAhVjx4UKHTw8BPkQFjAAegQIAxAF&url=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fhealth%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fblood_tissues_organs%2Fdocs%2Fguidance_plasma_covid19_en.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0SNoqWZDT2ETPcHFhqmbKt."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanj, S., and Al-Omari, B. (2021). Convalescent Plasma Transfusion for the Treatment of COVID-19 in Adults: A Global Perspective. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050849"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m3516","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3516","article-title":"Convalescent plasma for COVID-19","volume":"370","author":"Estcourt","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4314\/asan.v22i2.1","article-title":"Is COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma an option for Africa?","volume":"22","author":"Oreh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Afr. Sang."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6536","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103102","article-title":"Anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus antibody levels in convalescent plasma of six donors who have recovered from COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61117-5","article-title":"Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine expressing Ebola surface glycoprotein: Interim results from the Guinea ring vaccination cluster-randomised trial","volume":"386","author":"Longini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.21302","article-title":"The ebolavirus VP24 interferon antagonist: Know your enemy","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_199","first-page":"287","article-title":"Health Technology Assessment of pathogen reduction technologies applied to plasma for clinical use","volume":"14","author":"Cicchetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_200","unstructured":"Cho, M.S., Modi, P., and Sharma, S. (2021, June 10). Transfusion-related Acute Lung Injury. [Updated 2021 May 7], StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK507846\/."},{"key":"ref_201","unstructured":"Sayyed, A.F. (2020). The Corona (COVID-19) (SARS-CoV-2) cure using Blood Transfusion and Machine learning. IRE J., 3, Available online: https:\/\/irejournals.com\/formatedpaper\/1702290.pdf\/."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5638","DOI":"10.1039\/D0AN01066A","article-title":"Real-world evaluation of a novel technology for quantitative simultaneous antibody detection against multiple SARS-CoV-2 antigens in a cohort of patients presenting with COVID-19 syndrome","volume":"145","author":"Shaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79918-3","article-title":"ABBV-744 as a potential inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 main protease enzyme against COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Fakhar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, Y.S., Kumar, N., Sircar, S., Kaushik, R., Bhatt, S., Dhama, K., Gupta, P., Goyal, K., Singh, M.P., and Ghoshal, U. (2020). Pandemic Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Challenges and A Global Perspective. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202004.0469.v1"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01554","article-title":"Zika virus: What have we learnt since the start of the recent epidemic?","volume":"8","author":"Saiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2020.02.006","article-title":"Is COVID-19 receiving ADE from other coronaviruses?","volume":"22","author":"Tetro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812.e819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.043","article-title":"Tracking changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G increases infectivity of the COVID-19 virus","volume":"182","author":"Korber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7783","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c04421","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges for biosensors and nanoscale analytical tools for pandemics: COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Bhalla","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2020.100169","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on the care of patients with liver disease: EASL-ESCMID position paper after 6 months of the pandemic","volume":"2","author":"Boettler","year":"2020","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2005.11.010","article-title":"Multiplex bead array assays: Performance evaluation and comparison of sensitivity to ELISA","volume":"38","author":"Elshal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00045.2009","article-title":"Gut microbiota in health and disease","volume":"90","author":"Sekirov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa721","article-title":"Neutralizing antibodies responses to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 inpatients and convalescent patients","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2007.03.001","article-title":"A question of clarity: Redesigning the American Association of Blood Banks blood donor history questionnaire\u2014a chronology and model for donor screening","volume":"21","author":"Fridey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.20303","article-title":"Therapeutic apheresis: A review of complications and recommendations for prevention and management","volume":"26","author":"Mokrzycki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Apher."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1080\/10447311003720001","article-title":"Multiple forms of appropriation in self-monitoring technology: Reflections on the role of evaluation in future self-care","volume":"26","author":"Storni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9655.2005.00246.x","article-title":"Veinglory: Exploring processes of blood transfer between persons","volume":"11","author":"Copeman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. R. Anthropol. Inst."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16627","article-title":"The development of an epilepsy electronic patient portal: Facilitating both patient empowerment and remote clinician-patient interaction in a post-COVID-19 world","volume":"61","author":"Power","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7058","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.0c02278","article-title":"Screening of therapeutic agents for COVID-19 using machine learning and ensemble docking studies","volume":"11","author":"Batra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200060030-00002","article-title":"Potential of substance P antagonists as antiemetics","volume":"60","author":"Diemunsch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/00029157.2003.10403525","article-title":"Hypnosis, differential expression of cytokines by T-cell subsets, and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis","volume":"45","author":"Wood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Hypn."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-00789-5","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gouda, A.S., and M\u00e9garbane, B. (2020). Snake venom-derived bradykinin-potentiating peptides: A promising therapy for COVID-19?. Drug Dev. Res.","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21732"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0965-6","article-title":"Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections","volume":"26","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17023","article-title":"Association between administration of systemic corticosteroids and mortality among critically ill patients with COVID-19: A meta-analysis","volume":"324","author":"Sterne","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0139","article-title":"Pediatric versus adult drug trials for conditions with high pediatric disease burden","volume":"130","author":"Bourgeois","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2020.04.008","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin system at the heart of COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"174","author":"Alifano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e017144","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.017144","article-title":"Experience with Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for QT Interval Monitoring","volume":"9","author":"Ramireddy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i5","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki018","article-title":"Oseltamivir (Tamiflu\u00ae) and its potential for use in the event of an influenza pandemic","volume":"55","author":"Ward","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tricou, V., Minh, N.N., Van, T.P., Lee, S.J., Farrar, J., Wills, B., Tran, H.T., and Simmons, C.P. (2010). A randomized controlled trial of chloroquine for the treatment of dengue in Vietnamese adults. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000785"},{"key":"ref_230","unstructured":"Tyrrell, D.A., and Myint, S.H. (1996). Coronaviruses. Medical Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_231","first-page":"8","article-title":"Corona virus: A review of COVID-19","volume":"4","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurasian J. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_232","unstructured":"Johnson, K., Webb, P., and Heymann, D. (1978). Evaluation of the Plasmapheresis Program in Zaire. Ebola Virus Hemorrhagic Fever, Elsevier\/North-Holland Biomedical Press."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1086\/514298","article-title":"Treatment of Ebola hemorrhagic fever with blood transfusions from convalescent patients","volume":"179","author":"Mupapa","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1037058","article-title":"Oncolytic viruses: From bench to bedside with a focus on safety","volume":"11","author":"Buijs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_235","unstructured":"Reuters (2021, July 14). Italy Approves GSK-Vir Antibody to Treat COVID-19. Published on 13 July 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/italy-approves-gsk-vir-antibody-treat-covid-19-2021-07-13\/."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/11\/8\/734\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:34:14Z","timestamp":1760164454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/11\/8\/734"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"references-count":235,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["life11080734"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life11080734","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]}}}