{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:14:42Z","timestamp":1760235282942,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"European Social Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7221.3-1.1-063\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7221.3-1.1-063\/17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Septic arthritis (SA) is an aggressive joint disorder causing invalidity and mortality. Although epidemiological studies suggest osteoarthritis (OA) as a risk factor for SA, experimental insights into the relatedness of both diseases are lacking. We therefore sought to investigate whether pre-existing OA indeed promotes SA frequency or severity. We used STR\/ort mice that spontaneously develop OA and, in addition, induced OA via anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) in C57BL\/6J mice. Mice were infected with Group A Streptococcus (GAS) and then were monitored for clinical signs of sepsis and SA. Sepsis was confirmed via elevated inflammatory cytokines in plasma, while bone morphology was assessed by micro-computed tomography. Cartilage integrity was evaluated histologically. Mice with spontaneous OA developed life-threatening SA, with GAS only moderately affecting the femoral bone structure. Surgically induced OA neither impacted on SA incidence nor on mortality when compared to infected mice without the preceding joint disease. Furthermore, only insignificant differences in bone morphology were detected between both groups. Our data indicate that degenerative joint damage due to ACLT, by itself, does not predispose mice to SA. Hence, we propose that other factors such as prosthetic joint replacement or high age, which frequently coincide with OA, pose a risk for SA development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life11080794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T09:35:32Z","timestamp":1628156132000},"page":"794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Degenerative Joint Damage Is Not a Risk Factor for Streptococcal Sepsis and Septic Arthritis in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7509-6276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johann","family":"Volzke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6575-6824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brigitte","family":"M\u00fcller-Hilke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(76)90753-1","article-title":"Acute infectious arthritis","volume":"60","author":"Goldenberg","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6019","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.10.6019-6026.2003","article-title":"Streptococcus pyogenes Infection Induces Septic Arthritis with Increased Production of the Receptor Activator of the NF-kB Ligand","volume":"71","author":"Sakurai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2011.02.001","article-title":"Septic arthritis","volume":"25","author":"Balsa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61595-6","article-title":"Bacterial septic arthritis in adults","volume":"375","author":"Mathews","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/40.1.24","article-title":"A prospective 2-year study of 75 patients with adult-onset septic arthritis","volume":"40","author":"Gupta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2554","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.579475","article-title":"Inflammatory Joint Disease Is a Risk Factor for Streptococcal Sepsis and Septic Arthritis in Mice","volume":"11","author":"Volzke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.58.4.214","article-title":"Clinical features and outcome of septic arthritis in a single UK Health District 1982-1991","volume":"58","author":"Weston","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711240403","article-title":"A spontaneous ankle deformity in an inbred strain of mouse","volume":"124","author":"Walton","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2005.03.004","article-title":"Osteoarthritis development in novel experimental mouse models induced by knee joint instability","volume":"13","author":"Kamekura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33129-z","article-title":"Interplay between P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum and A. actinomycetemcomitans in murine alveolar bone loss, arthritis onset and progression","volume":"8","author":"Ebbers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s003930050164","article-title":"Osteoarthritis: A problem of joint failure","volume":"58","author":"Nuki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Z Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/01.phm.0000245568.69434.1a","article-title":"Osteoarthritis","volume":"85","author":"Garstang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz265","article-title":"Epidemiology, Management, and Outcomes of Large and Small Native Joint Septic Arthritis in Adults","volume":"70","author":"McBride","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1586\/eci.10.16","article-title":"Immunosenescence and its potential modulation: Lessons from mouse models","volume":"6","author":"Boldizsar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780381215","article-title":"Risk factors for septic arthritis in patients with joint disease","volume":"38","author":"Kaandorp","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0019-y","article-title":"Implant infections: Adhesion, biofilm formation and immune evasion","volume":"16","author":"Arciola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samvelyan, H.J., Hughes, D., Stevens, C., and Staines, K.A. (2020). Models of Osteoarthritis: Relevance and New Insights. Calcif. Tissue Int.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-020-00670-x"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3256","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34572","article-title":"Time-series transcriptional profiling yields new perspectives on susceptibility to osteoarthritis","volume":"64","author":"Poulet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01191-15","article-title":"Host Genetic Variations and Sex Differences Potentiate Predisposition, Severity, and Outcomes of Group A Streptococcus-Mediated Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections","volume":"84","author":"Krishnan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/11\/8\/794\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:41:07Z","timestamp":1760164867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/11\/8\/794"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["life11080794"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life11080794","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-1729"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]}}}