{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:16:25Z","timestamp":1760235385801,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chlamydiae are strict intracellular pathogens residing within a specialised membrane-bound compartment called the inclusion. Therefore, each infected cell can, be considered as a single entity where bacteria form a community within the inclusion. It remains unclear as to how the population of bacteria within the inclusion influences individual bacterium. The life cycle of Chlamydia involves transitioning between the invasive elementary bodies (EBs) and replicative reticulate bodies (RBs). We have used cryo-soft X-ray tomography to observe individual inclusions, an approach that combines 40 nm spatial resolution and large volume imaging (up to 16 \u00b5m). Using semi-automated segmentation pipeline, we considered each inclusion as an individual bacterial niche. Within each inclusion, we identifyed and classified different forms of the bacteria and confirmed the recent finding that RBs have a variety of volumes (small, large and abnormal). We demonstrate that the proportions of these different RB forms depend on the bacterial concentration in the inclusion. We conclude that each inclusion operates as an autonomous community that influences the characteristics of individual bacteria within the inclusion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life11080842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T10:54:35Z","timestamp":1629284075000},"page":"842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Single Cell Cryo-Soft X-ray Tomography Shows That Each Chlamydia Trachomatis Inclusion Is a Unique Community of Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Patrick","family":"Phillips","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK"},{"name":"Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK"},{"name":"Division of Structural Biology Department, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Parkhurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK"},{"name":"The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Road, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9877-0457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilias","family":"Kounatidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8779-8673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chidinma","family":"Okolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Fish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James H.","family":"Naismith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK"},{"name":"The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Road, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin A.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK"},{"name":"Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Harkiolaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK"},{"name":"Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1732-1041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maud","family":"Dumoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK"},{"name":"Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK"},{"name":"The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Road, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985817751218","article-title":"A Review on Chlamydial Diseases in Animals: Still a Challenge for Pathologists?","volume":"55","author":"Borel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. 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