{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:45:01Z","timestamp":1793493901096,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004504","name":"Lietuvos Mokslo Taryba","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MIP-086\/2012 , MIP-011\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIP-086\/2012 , MIP-011\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004504","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the European Union, EU-FP7","award":["SARCOSI Project (no. 291834)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SARCOSI Project (no. 291834)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammation-related biomarkers are associated with clinical outcomes in mixed-etiology chronic heart failure populations. Inflammation-related markers tend to be higher in ischemic than in non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NI-DCM) patients, which might impact their prognostic performance in NI-DCM patients. Therefore, we aimed to assess the association of inflammation-related biomarkers with heart failure severity parameters and adverse cardiac events in a pure NI-DCM patient cohort. Fifty-seven patients with NI-DCM underwent endomyocardial biopsy. Biopsies were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for CD3+, CD45ro+, CD68+, CD4+, CD54+, and HLA-DR+ cells. Blood samples were tested for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor and adiponectin. During a five-year follow-up, twenty-seven patients experienced at least one composite adverse cardiac event: left ventricle assist device implantation, heart transplantation or death. Interleukin-6, TNF-\u03b1 and adiponectin correlated with heart failure severity parameters. Patients with higher levels of interleukin-6, TNF-\u03b1, adiponectin or hs-CRP, or a higher number of CD3+ or CD45ro+ cells, had lower survival rates. Interleukin-6, adiponectin, and CD45ro+ cells were independently associated with poor clinical outcomes. All patients who had interleukin-6, TNF-\u03b1 and adiponectin concentrations above the threshold experienced an adverse cardiac event. Therefore, a combination of these cytokines can identify high-risk NI-DCM patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life11101006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T20:15:32Z","timestamp":1632514532000},"page":"1006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Inflammation-Related Biomarkers Are Associated with Heart Failure Severity and Poor Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Non-Ischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ieva","family":"Ka\u017eukauskien\u0117","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. \u010ciurlionio 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaida","family":"Baltr\u016bnien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. \u010ciurlionio 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9956-4022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ieva","family":"Rink\u016bnait\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Models, Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, 7 Saul\u0117tekio av., LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edvardas","family":"\u017durauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. \u010ciurlionio 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0912-4125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalius","family":"Vitkus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. \u010ciurlionio 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vyt\u0117 Valerija","family":"Maneikien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. \u010ciurlionio 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u0119stutis","family":"Ru\u010dinskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. \u010ciurlionio 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginija","family":"Grabauskien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. \u010ciurlionio 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania"},{"name":"Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. \u010ciurlionio 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2003.025270","article-title":"Clinical epidemiology of heart failure","volume":"93","author":"Mosterd","year":"2007","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2015.06.012","article-title":"Characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of hospitalized heart failure patients stratified by etiologies of cardiomyopathy","volume":"3","author":"Shore","year":"2015","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2016.08.017","article-title":"The registry of the international society for heart and lung transplantation: Thirty-third adult heart transplantation report\u20142016; Focus theme: Primary diagnostic indications for transplant","volume":"35","author":"Lund","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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