{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:25:42Z","timestamp":1760235942072,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]],"date-time":"2021-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiac transplantation requires the careful allocation of a limited number of precious organs. Therefore, it is critical to select candidates that will receive the greatest anticipated medical benefit but will also serve as the best stewards of the organ. Individual transplant teams have established prerequisites pertaining to recreational drug, tobacco, alcohol, and controlled substance use in potential organ recipients and post-transplantation. Legalization of cannabis and implementation of its prescription-based use for the management of patients with chronic conditions have been increasing over the past years. Center requirements regarding abstinence from recreational and medical cannabis use vary due to rapidly changing state regulations, as well as the lack of clinical safety data in this population. This is evident by the results of the multicenter survey presented in this paper. Developing uniform guidelines around cannabis use will be imperative not only for providers but also for patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life11101063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T21:23:25Z","timestamp":1633901005000},"page":"1063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cardiac Transplantation and the Use of Cannabis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hirak","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lillehei Heart Institute and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Advanced Heart Failure Program, Mechanical Circulatory Support Service and Cardiac Transplant Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3100-4445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meg","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Heart Failure Program, Mechanical Circulatory Support Service and Cardiac Transplant Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2948-039X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianne C.","family":"Agdamag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lillehei Heart Institute and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Advanced Heart Failure Program, Mechanical Circulatory Support Service and Cardiac Transplant Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valmiki","family":"Maharaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lillehei Heart Institute and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Advanced Heart Failure Program, Mechanical Circulatory Support Service and Cardiac Transplant Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bellony","family":"Nzemenoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cindy M.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lillehei Heart Institute and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Advanced Heart Failure Program, Mechanical Circulatory Support Service and Cardiac Transplant Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8381-6299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamas","family":"Alexy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lillehei Heart Institute and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Advanced Heart Failure Program, Mechanical Circulatory Support Service and Cardiac Transplant Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Garry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lillehei Heart Institute and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Advanced Heart Failure Program, Mechanical Circulatory Support Service and Cardiac Transplant Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.01.004","article-title":"Changes in cannabis potency over the last 2 decades (1995\u20132014): Analysis of current data in the United States","volume":"79","author":"ElSohly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Solutions, D.G. (2021, August 31). Map of Marijuana Legality by State. Available online: https:\/\/disa.com\/map-of-marijuana-legality-by-state."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Berke, J., and Gould, S. (Business Insider, 2020). Legal marijuana just went on sale in Illinois. Here are all the states where cannabis is legal, Business Insider."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002851","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002851","article-title":"Marijuana and listing for heart transplant: A survey of transplant providers","volume":"9","author":"Neyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2015.10.023","article-title":"The 2016 International Society for Heart Lung Transplantation listing criteria for heart transplantation: A 10-year update","volume":"35","author":"Mehra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-019-0783-9","article-title":"Cannabis and cardiovascular disease","volume":"21","author":"Ghosh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26826","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.26826","article-title":"Medical marijuana in pediatric oncology: A review of the evidence and implications for practice","volume":"65","author":"Ananth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatric Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, S., and Kumar, U. (2018). Cannabinoid receptors and the endocannabinoid system: Signaling and function in the central nervous system. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030833"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackie, K. (2005). Distribution of cannabinoid receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system. Cannabinoids, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-26573-2_10"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.58.3.2","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy","volume":"58","author":"Pacher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20780.x","article-title":"Expression of central and peripheral cannabinoid receptors in human immune tissues and leukocyte subpopulations","volume":"232","author":"Mary","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504187103","article-title":"Peripheral cannabinoid receptor, CB2, regulates bone mass","volume":"103","author":"Ofek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450115666141202113225","article-title":"The activated endocannabinoid system in atherosclerosis: Driving force or protective mechanism?","volume":"16","author":"Steffens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12663","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules181012663","article-title":"Understanding the molecular aspects of tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol as antioxidants","volume":"18","author":"Borges","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.108.147181","article-title":"Cannabidiol attenuates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by decreasing oxidative\/nitrosative stress, inflammation, and cell death","volume":"328","author":"Pan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H610","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00236.2007","article-title":"Cannabidiol attenuates high glucose-induced endothelial cell inflammatory response and barrier disruption","volume":"293","author":"Rajesh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.105.085779","article-title":"Comparison of cannabidiol, antioxidants, and diuretics in reversing binge ethanol-induced neurotoxicity","volume":"314","author":"Hamelink","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2006.11.006","article-title":"The non-psychoactive cannabis constituent cannabidiol is an orally effective therapeutic agent in rat chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain","volume":"556","author":"Costa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.130","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of marijuana and synthetic cannabinoids: The good, the bad, and the ugly","volume":"15","author":"Pacher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-0477","article-title":"Cannabinoid 1 receptor promotes cardiac dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"61","author":"Rajesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00712.x","article-title":"Cannabinoid-1 receptor activation induces reactive oxygen species-dependent and-independent mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and cell death in human coronary artery endothelial cells","volume":"160","author":"Rajesh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.21962","article-title":"Cannabinoids and atherosclerotic coronary heart disease","volume":"35","author":"Singla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.03.057","article-title":"Pharmacological inhibition of CB1cannabinoid receptor protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity","volume":"50","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-010-0090-7","article-title":"CB1 receptor inhibition leads to decreased vascular AT1 receptor expression, inhibition of oxidative stress and improved endothelial function","volume":"105","author":"Tiyerili","year":"2010","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0303101","article-title":"The cannabinoid system and immune modulation","volume":"74","author":"Klein","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17910.x","article-title":"Cannabinoid-receptor expression in human leukocytes","volume":"214","author":"Bouaboul","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"4900","article-title":"The exogenous administration of CB2 specific agonist, GW405833, inhibits inflammation by reducing cytokine production and oxidative stress","volume":"16","author":"Parlar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0703303","article-title":"Cannabinoid CB2 receptor activation reduces nouse myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: Involvement of cytokine\/chemokines and PMN","volume":"75","author":"Rossi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2008.12.014","article-title":"CB(2) cannabinoid receptor activation is cardioprotective in a mouse model of ischemia\/reperfusion","volume":"46","author":"Montecucco","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012381914518","article-title":"Activation of type II cannabinoid receptor improves myocardial tolerance to arrhythmogenic effects of coronary occlusion and reperfusion","volume":"131","author":"Krylatov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1159\/000447855","article-title":"Activation of cannabinoid receptor type II by AM1241 ameliorates myocardial fibrosis via Nrf2-mediated inhibition of TGF-\u03b21\/Smad3 Pathway in Myocardial Infarction Mice","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.11.008","article-title":"Routes of administration for cannabis use\u2013basic prevalence and related health outcomes: A scoping review and synthesis","volume":"52","author":"Russell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/16.5.276","article-title":"Blood cannabinoids. I. Absorption of THC and formation of 11-OH-THC and THCCOOH during and after smoking marijuana","volume":"16","author":"Huestis","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1992.100","article-title":"Characterization of the absorption phase of marijuana smoking","volume":"52","author":"Huestis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197203302861303","article-title":"Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol: Temporal correlation of the psychologic effects and blood levels after various routes of administration","volume":"286","author":"Lemberger","year":"1972","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.clpt.6100200","article-title":"Vaporization as a smokeless cannabis delivery system: A pilot study","volume":"82","author":"Abrams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201612-974LE","article-title":"\u201cTree-in-bloom\u201d: Severe acute lung injury induced by vaping cannabis oil","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1916433","article-title":"Vitamin E acetate in bronchoalveolar-lavage fluid associated with EVALI","volume":"382","author":"Blount","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrus, D.G., Capogrossi, K.L., Cates, S.C., Gourdet, C.K., Peiper, N.C., Novak, S.P., Lefever, T.W., and Wiley, J.L. (2016). Tasty THC: Promises and challenges of cannabis edibles. Methods Rep., 2016.","DOI":"10.3768\/rtipress.2016.op.0035.1611"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000176753.45410.8b","article-title":"Randomized, controlled trial on cannabis based medicine in central pain in multiple sclerosis","volume":"65","author":"Rog","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kel114","article-title":"The use of cannabis-based medicine (Sativex) in the treatment of pain caused by rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"45","author":"Wright","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kei183","article-title":"Preliminary assessment of the efficacy, toelrability, and safety of a cannabis-based medicine (Sativex) in the treatment of pain caused by rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"45","author":"Blake","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rheumatology."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004","DOI":"10.5041\/RMMJ.10387","article-title":"Medical cannabis for intractable epilepsy in childhood: A review","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rambam Maimonides Med. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(91)90385-F","article-title":"Recent clinical experience with dronabinol","volume":"40","author":"Plasse","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2019.01.003","article-title":"Clinicians\u2019 guide to cannabidiol and hemp oils","volume":"94","author":"VanDolah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzarisi, E.L., Swartzwelder, K., and Clements, P.T. (2020). Marijuana for Medical Use: Implications for Health Care Providers, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjep.2020.100317"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-017-0663-0","article-title":"What is the current knowledge about the cardiovascular risk for users of cannabis-based products? A systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Jouanjus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.025","article-title":"Marijuana use in patients with cardiovascular disease: JACC review topic of the week","volume":"75","author":"DeFilippis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000103","article-title":"Marijuana use and cardiovascular disease","volume":"24","author":"Franz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197208032870501","article-title":"Marihuana smoking: Cardiovascular effects in man and possible mechanisms","volume":"287","author":"Beaconsfield","year":"1972","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.23.2805","article-title":"Triggering myocardial infarction by marijuana","volume":"103","author":"Mittleman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62296-9","article-title":"Public health importance of triggers of myocardial infarction: A comparative risk assessment","volume":"377","author":"Nawrot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.047","article-title":"Cocaine and marijuana use among young adults with myocardial infarction","volume":"71","author":"DeFilippis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.01.066","article-title":"Recreational marijuana use and acute ischemic stroke: A population-based analysis of hospitalized patients in the United States","volume":"364","author":"Rumalla","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2013.01.002","article-title":"Cannabis-associated arterial disease","volume":"27","author":"Desbois","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2016.06.015","article-title":"Repeated thrombosis after synthetic cannabinoid use","volume":"51","author":"Raheemullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2007.01505.x","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation and marijuana smoking","volume":"62","author":"Korantzopoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2018.11.004","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of marijuana","volume":"29","author":"Rezkalla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(03)00426-8","article-title":"Coronary no-flow and ventricular tachycardia associated with habitual marijuana use","volume":"42","author":"Rezkalla","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198103000-00035","article-title":"Marijuana and second-degree AV block","volume":"74","author":"Akins","year":"1981","journal-title":"South. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.03.024","article-title":"Marijuana use, diet, body mass index, and cardiovascular risk factors (from the CARDIA study)","volume":"98","author":"Rodondi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.12828","article-title":"Recreational marijuana use is not associated with worse outcomes after renal transplantation","volume":"30","author":"Greenan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"680","article-title":"Polysubstance abuse in liver transplant patients and its impact on survival outcome","volume":"5","author":"Nickels","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezw255","article-title":"Influence of history of cannabis smoking in selected donors on the outcomes of lung transplantation","volume":"51","author":"Mohite","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardio Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181ca56e0","article-title":"Impact of donor high-risk social behaviors on recipient survival in cardiac transplantation","volume":"89","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transplantation."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"4028492","article-title":"High on cannabis and calcineurin inhibitors: A word of warning in an era of legalized marijuana","volume":"2016","author":"Hauser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2019.03.011","article-title":"Marijuana use and candidacy for heart transplantation","volume":"38","author":"DeFilippis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.94.2.432","article-title":"Fatal aspergillosis associated with smoking contaminated marijuana, in a marrow transplant recipient","volume":"94","author":"Hamadeh","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199606270-00018","article-title":"Successfully treated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis associated with smoking marijuana in a renal transplant recipient","volume":"61","author":"Marks","year":"1996","journal-title":"Transplantation."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.3278","article-title":"Effects of cannabis use on human behavior, including cognition, motivation, and psychosis: A review","volume":"73","author":"Volkow","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.09.001","article-title":"Neuroscience of opiates for addiction medicine: From stress-responsive systems to behavior","volume":"Volume 223","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6911a4","article-title":"Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths\u2014United States, 2017\u20132018","volume":"69","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15565","article-title":"Prescription opioid use before and after heart transplant: Associations with posttransplant outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Lentine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2012.684624","article-title":"Cannabis as an adjunct to or substitute for opiates in the treatment of chronic pain","volume":"44","author":"Lucas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychoact. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3109\/16066359.2012.733465","article-title":"Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs: A dispensary-based survey of substitution effect in Canadian medical cannabis patients","volume":"21","author":"Lucas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addict. Res. Theory"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2003.09.016","article-title":"Effect of late medication non-compliance on outcome after heart transplantation: A 5-year follow-up","volume":"23","author":"Dobbels","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21278","article-title":"Meta-analysis of risk for relapse to substance use after transplantation of the liver or other solid organs","volume":"14","author":"Dew","year":"2008","journal-title":"Liver Transplant."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2021.03.024","article-title":"The growing dilemma of legalized cannabis and heart transplantation","volume":"40","author":"Olt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/11\/10\/1063\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:11:11Z","timestamp":1760166671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/11\/10\/1063"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["life11101063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life11101063","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-1729"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]]}}}