{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:52:52Z","timestamp":1787028772293,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":206,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01EY032492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01EY032492"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006823","name":"Boston Children's Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["92214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006823","name":"Boston Children's Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["97906"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["97906"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006823","name":"Boston Children's Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["85010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["85010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007745","name":"Massachusetts Lions Eye Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["87820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["87820"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007745","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Retinopathy of prematurity is defined as retinal abnormalities that occur during development as a consequence of disturbed oxygen conditions and nutrient supply after preterm birth. Both neuronal maturation and retinal vascularization are impaired, leading to the compensatory but uncontrolled retinal neovessel growth. Current therapeutic interventions target the hypoxia-induced neovessels but negatively impact retinal neurons and normal vessels. Emerging evidence suggests that metabolic disturbance is a significant and underexplored risk factor in the disease pathogenesis. Hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia correlate with the retinal neurovascular dysfunction in infants born prematurely. Nutritional and hormonal supplementation relieve metabolic stress and improve retinal maturation. Here we focus on the mechanisms through which metabolism is involved in preterm-birth-related retinal disorder from clinical and experimental investigations. We will review and discuss potential therapeutic targets through the restoration of metabolic responses to prevent disease development and progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life11111119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T00:22:02Z","timestamp":1634862122000},"page":"1119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Metabolism in Retinopathy of Prematurity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1013-5737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yohei","family":"Tomita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2974-0830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayumi","family":"Usui-Ouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba 279-0021, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders K.","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 19 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0790-7951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minji","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Hellstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 19 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8182-2983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongjie","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60178-6","article-title":"Retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"382","author":"Hellstrom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.05.002","article-title":"Review: Adiponectin in retinopathy","volume":"1862","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4059","article-title":"Retinal lipid and glucose metabolism dictates angiogenesis through the lipid sensor Ffar1","volume":"22","author":"Joyal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"101","article-title":"Oxygen-induced retinopathy in the mouse","volume":"35","author":"Smith","year":"1994","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2016.09.004","article-title":"The neural retina in retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"56","author":"Hansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1878","article-title":"The rhodopsin content of human eyes","volume":"40","author":"Fulton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.04.008","article-title":"Visual cycle modulation in neurovascular retinopathy","volume":"91","author":"Akula","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.6658","article-title":"Association of Retinopathy of Prematurity With Low Levels of Arachidonic Acid: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"136","author":"Lofqvist","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.099291","article-title":"Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease retinal neovascularization by adipose-endoplasmic reticulum stress reduction to increase adiponectin","volume":"101","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1159\/000087587","article-title":"IGF-1 and retinopathy of prematurity in the preterm infant","volume":"88","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Neonate"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lundgren, P., Stoltz Sjostrom, E., Domellof, M., Kallen, K., Holmstrom, G., Hard, A.L., Smith, L.E., Lofqvist, C., and Hellstrom, A. (2013). WINROP identifies severe retinopathy of prematurity at an early stage in a nation-based cohort of extremely preterm infants. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073256"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"343","article-title":"Poor postnatal weight gain: A risk factor for severe retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"4","author":"Wallace","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAAPOS"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexandre-Gouabau, M.C., Moyon, T., David-Sochard, A., Fenaille, F., Cholet, S., Royer, A.L., Guitton, Y., Billard, H., Darmaun, D., and Roze, J.C. (2019). Comprehensive Preterm Breast Milk Metabotype Associated with Optimal Infant Early Growth Pattern. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030528"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexandre-Gouabau, M.C., Moyon, T., Cariou, V., Antignac, J.P., Qannari, E.M., Croyal, M., Soumah, M., Guitton, Y., David-Sochard, A., and Billard, H. (2018). Breast Milk Lipidome Is Associated with Early Growth Trajectory in Preterm Infants. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020164"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14275","article-title":"Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids decline rapidly in milk from mothers delivering extremely preterm indicating the need for supplementation","volume":"107","author":"Nilsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.4.1032S","article-title":"Are deficits of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids responsible for the neural and vascular complications of preterm babies?","volume":"66","author":"Crawford","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VanderVeen, D.K., Martin, C.R., Mehendale, R., Allred, E.N., Dammann, O., Leviton, A., and Investigators, E.S. (2013). Early nutrition and weight gain in preterm newborns and the risk of retinopathy of prematurity. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064325"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1159\/000320159","article-title":"Postnatal docosahexaenoic acid deficiency is an inevitable consequence of current recommendations and practice in preterm infants","volume":"98","author":"Lapillonne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607113499373","article-title":"Fish-oil fat emulsion supplementation reduces the risk of retinopathy in very low birth weight infants: A prospective, randomized study","volume":"38","author":"Pawlik","year":"2014","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2427","article-title":"Fish-oil fat emulsion supplementation may reduce the risk of severe retinopathy in VLBW infants","volume":"127","author":"Pawlik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2013.11.002","article-title":"The influence of fish-oil lipid emulsions on retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"90","author":"Beken","year":"2014","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2017.04.004","article-title":"Effects of a lipid emulsion containing fish oil on polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles, growth and morbidities in extremely premature infants: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Najm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1497","article-title":"Enteral Docosahexaenoic Acid and Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"43","author":"Calder","year":"2019","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1611942","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic Acid and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants","volume":"376","author":"Collins","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.5653","article-title":"Effect of Enteral Lipid Supplement on Severe Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"175","author":"Hellstrom","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"CD013163","article-title":"Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants","volume":"6","author":"Kapoor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1597131","article-title":"Parenteral Fish-Oil Lipid Emulsions in the Prevention of Severe Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"34","author":"Vayalthrikkovil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000665","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of parenteral fish oil-containing lipid emulsions in premature neonates","volume":"60","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.01.009","article-title":"Higher docosahexaenoic acid, lower arachidonic acid and reduced lipid tolerance with high doses of a lipid emulsion containing 15% fish oil: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"33","author":"Savini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2128771","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.28771","article-title":"Association of Docosahexaenoic Acid and Arachidonic Acid Serum Levels With Retinopathy of Prematurity in Preterm Infants","volume":"4","author":"Hellstrom","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28557","article-title":"The DIAMOND (DHA Intake And Measurement Of Neural Development) Study: A double-masked, randomized controlled clinical trial of the maturation of infant visual acuity as a function of the dietary level of docosahexaenoic acid","volume":"91","author":"Birch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.6.1292","article-title":"Meta-analysis of dietary essential fatty acids and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids as they relate to visual resolution acuity in healthy preterm infants","volume":"105","author":"SanGiovanni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.114710","article-title":"Long-term effect of high-dose supplementation with DHA on visual function at school age in children born at <33 wk gestational age: Results from a follow-up of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"103","author":"Molloy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1591","article-title":"Increased dietary intake of omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces pathological retinal angiogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Connor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.221317","article-title":"Short communication: PPAR gamma mediates a direct antiangiogenic effect of omega 3-PUFAs in proliferative retinopathy","volume":"107","author":"Stahl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69ra12","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3001571","article-title":"5-Lipoxygenase metabolite 4-HDHA is a mediator of the antiangiogenic effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids","volume":"3","author":"Sapieha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.307558","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 Oxidase 2C Inhibition Adds to omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Protection Against Retinal and Choroidal Neovascularization","volume":"36","author":"Gong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.09.025","article-title":"Fenofibrate Inhibits Cytochrome P450 Epoxygenase 2C Activity to Suppress Pathological Ocular Angiogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Gong","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5204","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI123835","article-title":"Soluble epoxide hydrolase promotes astrocyte survival in retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"129","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khairallah, R.J., Kim, J., O\u2019Shea, K.M., O\u2019Connell, K.A., Brown, B.H., Galvao, T., Daneault, C., Des Rosiers, C., Polster, B.M., and Hoppel, C.L. (2012). Improved mitochondrial function with diet-induced increase in either docosahexaenoic acid or arachidonic acid in membrane phospholipids. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034402"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2010.05.007","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid, but not eicosapentaenoic acid, dramatically alters cardiac mitochondrial phospholipid fatty acid composition and prevents permeability transition","volume":"1797","author":"Khairallah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2021.158939","article-title":"Sphingolipidomics of serum in extremely preterm infants: Association between low sphingosine-1-phosphate levels and severe retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"1866","author":"Nilsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100037","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.TR120000972","article-title":"Sphingolipids as critical players in retinal physiology and pathology","volume":"62","author":"Victoria","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4416","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3388","article-title":"Sphingosine-1-phosphate is a key regulator of proliferation and differentiation in retina photoreceptors","volume":"50","author":"Miranda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2020.01.016","article-title":"Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Signaling Establishes AP-1 Gradients to Allow for Retinal Endothelial Cell Specialization","volume":"52","author":"Yanagida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21588","article-title":"Blockade of sphingosine-1-phosphate reduces macrophage influx and retinal and choroidal neovascularization","volume":"218","author":"Xie","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5076","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19653","article-title":"The Relationship of Novel Plasma Proteins in the Early Neonatal Period With Retinopathy of Prematurity","volume":"57","author":"Lynch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701424","article-title":"An increase in superoxide dismutase ameliorates oxygen-induced retinopathy in transgenic mice","volume":"19","author":"Spierer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boskabadi, H., Marefat, M., Maamouri, G., Abrishami, M., Abrishami, M., Shoeibi, N., Sanjari, M.S., Mobarhan, M.G., Shojaei, S.R.H., and Tavallaei, S. (2021). Evaluation of pro-oxidant antioxidant balance in retinopathy of prematurity. Eye.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01465-6"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"458","article-title":"Pro-Oxidants and Antioxidants in Retinopathy of Prematurity","volume":"57","author":"Banjac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Clin. Croat."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"413","article-title":"The estimation of selected parameters in antioxidant system in red blood cells in ROP screening of premature infants","volume":"108","author":"Dzienis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Klin. Ocz."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"583","article-title":"Antioxidant levels in cord blood of low birth weight newborns","volume":"45","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramiro-Cortijo, D., Lopez de Pablo, A.L., Lopez-Gimenez, M.R., Martin, C.R., Brown, J., de Pipaon, M.S., and Arribas, S.M. (2020). Plasma Oxidative Status in Preterm Infants Receiving LCPUFA Supplementation: A Pilot Study. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010122"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danielsson, H., Tebani, A., Zhong, W., Fagerberg, L., Brusselaers, N., Hard, A.L., Uhlen, M., and Hellstrom, A. (2021). Blood protein profiles related to preterm birth and retinopathy of prematurity. Pediatr. Res.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01528-0"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.2.12","article-title":"Targeted Blood Metabolomic Study on Retinopathy of Prematurity","volume":"61","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.4248\/IJOS10047","article-title":"Malonylcarnitine in newborns with non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate","volume":"2","author":"Hozyasz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1379","DOI":"10.1002\/mgg3.1379","article-title":"A Korean child diagnosed with malonic aciduria harboring a novel start codon mutation following presentation with dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Genom. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI63967","article-title":"Malonyl-CoA: The regulator of fatty acid synthesis and oxidation","volume":"122","author":"Foster","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108198","article-title":"Plasma metabolites in treatment-requiring retinopathy of prematurity: Potential biomarkers identified by metabolomics","volume":"199","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05309-y","article-title":"Vitreous metabolomics profiling of proliferative diabetic retinopathy","volume":"64","author":"Tomita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-015-0877-5","article-title":"Global metabolomics reveals metabolic dysregulation in ischemic retinopathy","volume":"12","author":"Paris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00277","article-title":"Arginase Pathway in Acute Retina and Brain Injury: Therapeutic Opportunities and Unexplored Avenues","volume":"11","author":"Fouda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3151","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1473","article-title":"The dipeptide Arg-Gln inhibits retinal neovascularization in the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy","volume":"47","author":"Neu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201796436","article-title":"Glutamine fuels proliferation but not migration of endothelial cells","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"1918","article-title":"Clinical and histopathologic features of canine oxygen-induced proliferative retinopathy","volume":"39","author":"McLeod","year":"1998","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"126","article-title":"Oxygen-induced retinopathy in newborn kittens. A model for ischemic vasoproliferative retinopathy","volume":"28","author":"Kremer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02482606","article-title":"Oxygen-induced retinopathy in the rat model","volume":"74","author":"Ricci","year":"1990","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol. Proc. Ser."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1996.01100140419009","article-title":"Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor by oxygen in a model of retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"114","author":"Pierce","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2012.669003","article-title":"Avastin treatment reduces retinal neovascularization in a mouse model of retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"37","author":"Rabinowitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2018.1484144","article-title":"Inhibitory Effects On Retinal Neovascularization by Ranibizumab and sTie2-Fc in An Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy Mouse Model","volume":"43","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(99)00526-3","article-title":"Effects of intraocular or systemic administration of neutralizing antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor on the murine experimental model of retinopathy","volume":"65","author":"Sone","year":"1999","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.13.5680","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible nuclear factors bind to an enhancer element located 3\u2019 to the human erythropoietin gene","volume":"88","author":"Semenza","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"5447","article-title":"A nuclear factor induced by hypoxia via de novo protein synthesis binds to the human erythropoietin gene enhancer at a site required for transcriptional activation","volume":"12","author":"Semenza","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(98)80016-6","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor 1: Master regulator of O2 homeostasis","volume":"8","author":"Semenza","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2019.03.008","article-title":"Pharmacological HIF inhibition prevents retinal neovascularization with improved visual function in a murine oxygen-induced retinopathy model","volume":"128","author":"Miwa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28297","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2017234117","article-title":"An allosteric peptide inhibitor of HIF-1alpha regulates hypoxia-induced retinal neovascularization","volume":"117","author":"Aguilar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00488","article-title":"Rank Order of Small Molecule Induced Hypoxiamimesis to Prevent Retinopathy of Prematurity","volume":"8","author":"Hoppe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e129398","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.129398","article-title":"Serine and 1-carbon metabolism are required for HIF-mediated protection against retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"4","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2516","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1523005113","article-title":"Comparative systems pharmacology of HIF stabilization in the prevention of retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"113","author":"Hoppe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1815111","article-title":"Serine and Lipid Metabolism in Macular Disease and Peripheral Neuropathy","volume":"381","author":"Gantner","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24005","article-title":"Effect of selectively knocking down key metabolic genes in Muller glia on photoreceptor health","volume":"69","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14749","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15246-3","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor signaling requires glycine to promote angiogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107855","article-title":"Metabolomic changes of blood plasma associated with two phases of rat OIR","volume":"190","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60553-5","article-title":"Stress hyperglycaemia","volume":"373","author":"Dungan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"620","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy: Pathogenesis and therapeutic implications","volume":"62","author":"Pelikanova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vnitr. Lek."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9091","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09091","article-title":"Association between hyperglycemia and retinopathy of prematurity: A systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Au","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.12371","article-title":"Correlation between hyperglycemia and retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"56","author":"Motlagh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"186","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants","volume":"23","author":"Garg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Perinatol. Off. J. Calif. Perinat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, S., Murray, J.C., Dagle, J.M., and Colaizy, T. (2013). Hyperglycemia as a risk factor for the development of retinopathy of prematurity. BMC Pediatr., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-78"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"251","article-title":"Hyperglycemia, insulin and slower growth velocity may increase the risk of retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"31","author":"Kaempf","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Perinatol. Off. J. Calif. Perinat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"453","article-title":"A prospective study on hyperglycemia and retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"34","author":"Mohsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Perinatol. Off. J. Calif. Perinat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1159\/000088199","article-title":"Relationship between hyperglycemia and retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants","volume":"89","author":"Ertl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Neonate"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"749","article-title":"Contribution of early glycemic status in the development of severe retinopathy of prematurity in a cohort of ELBW infants","volume":"31","author":"McGowan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Perinatol. Off. J. Calif. Perinat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e140363","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.140363","article-title":"IGF1, serum glucose, and retinopathy of prematurity in extremely preterm infants","volume":"5","author":"Cakir","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, C., Duan, J., Ge, G., and Zhang, M. (2021). Association between neonatal hyperglycemia and retinopathy of prematurity: A meta-analysis. Eur. J. Pediatr.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04140-w"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2019.04.001","article-title":"Hyperglycaemia as a risk factor for the development of retinopathy of prematurity: A cohort study","volume":"76","author":"Vannadil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. J. Armed Forces India"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-015-0026-2","article-title":"Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema and related vision loss","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eye Vis."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62124-3","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy","volume":"376","author":"Cheung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201707966","article-title":"Photoreceptor glucose metabolism determines normal retinal vascular growth","volume":"10","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, Z., Sun, Y., Cakir, B., Tomita, Y., Huang, S., Wang, Z., Liu, C.H., Cho, S.C., Britton, W., and Kern, T.S. (2020). Targeting Neurovascular Interaction in Retinal Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041503"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9618","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7413","article-title":"Neurons and guidance cues in retinal vascular diseases","volume":"7","author":"Wilson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523802194028","article-title":"Photoreceptor inner segments in monkey and human retina: Mitochondrial density, optics, and regional variation","volume":"19","author":"Hoang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00001.2017","article-title":"Endothelial Cell Metabolism","volume":"98","author":"Eelen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.302855","article-title":"Endothelial cell metabolism in normal and diseased vasculature","volume":"116","author":"Eelen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201696150","article-title":"Endothelial cell metabolism in health and disease: Impact of hypoxia","volume":"36","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12952","article-title":"Glucose metabolism in mammalian photoreceptor inner and outer segments","volume":"45","author":"Narayan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.06.037","article-title":"Role of PFKFB3-driven glycolysis in vessel sprouting","volume":"154","author":"Georgiadou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.303041","article-title":"Endothelial PFKFB3 plays a critical role in angiogenesis","volume":"34","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.11.008","article-title":"Partial and transient reduction of glycolysis by PFKFB3 blockade reduces pathological angiogenesis","volume":"19","author":"Schoors","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-26553","article-title":"Enhancing Retinal Endothelial Glycolysis by Inhibiting UCP2 Promotes Physiologic Retinal Vascular Development in a Model of Retinopathy of Prematurity","volume":"60","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00551-2","article-title":"Endothelial adenosine A2a receptor-mediated glycolysis is essential for pathological retinal angiogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61038","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/61038","article-title":"The polyol pathway as a mechanism for diabetic retinopathy: Attractive, elusive, and resilient","volume":"2007","author":"Lorenzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5698","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10122","article-title":"Aldose reductase deficiency reduced vascular changes in neonatal mouse retina in oxygen-induced retinopathy","volume":"53","author":"Fu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-015-3024-0","article-title":"Deficiency of aldose reductase attenuates inner retinal neuronal changes in a mouse model of retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"253","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.03.009","article-title":"Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Maps Endothelial Metabolic Plasticity in Pathological Angiogenesis","volume":"31","author":"Rohlenova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"533","article-title":"Glutamine supplements in premature infants: Why and how","volume":"37","author":"Neu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2003.11.010","article-title":"Arginine deficiency in preterm infants: Biochemical mechanisms and nutritional implications","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(00)00196-3","article-title":"Glutamine metabolism in endothelial cells: Ornithine synthesis from glutamine via pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase","volume":"126","author":"Wu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201695518","article-title":"Role of glutamine and interlinked asparagine metabolism in vessel formation","volume":"36","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-021-00361-3","article-title":"Serine biosynthesis defect due to haploinsufficiency of PHGDH causes retinal disease","volume":"3","author":"Eade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.06.009","article-title":"Serine Synthesis via PHGDH Is Essential for Heme Production in Endothelial Cells","volume":"28","author":"Vandekeere","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7025","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0840-8","article-title":"Disruption of De Novo Serine Synthesis in Muller Cells Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Aggravated Oxidative Damage","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43598","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.43598","article-title":"Human macular Muller cells rely more on serine biosynthesis to combat oxidative stress than those from the periphery","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20278-4","article-title":"Targeted Knockdown of Overexpressed VEGFA or VEGF164 in Muller cells maintains retinal function by triggering different signaling mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Becker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2017.05.005","article-title":"VEGF production and signaling in Muller glia are critical to modulating vascular function and neuronal integrity in diabetic retinopathy and hypoxic retinal vascular diseases","volume":"139","author":"Le","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14362","article-title":"Fatty acid carbon is essential for dNTP synthesis in endothelial cells","volume":"520","author":"Schoors","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.193037","article-title":"De novo lipogenesis maintains vascular homeostasis through endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) palmitoylation","volume":"286","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-134882","article-title":"Fatty acid binding protein 4 is a target of VEGF and a regulator of cell proliferation in endothelial cells","volume":"23","author":"Elmasri","year":"2009","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.11.002","article-title":"Retinal energy demands control vascular supply of the retina in development and disease: The role of neuronal lipid and glucose metabolism","volume":"64","author":"Joyal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.194506","article-title":"Adiponectin suppresses pathological microvessel formation in retina through modulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression","volume":"104","author":"Higuchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6228","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7228","article-title":"Adiponectin receptor 1 conserves docosahexaenoic acid and promotes photoreceptor cell survival","volume":"6","author":"Rice","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14339","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32579-9","article-title":"ADIPOR1 is essential for vision and its RPE expression is lost in the Mfrp(rd6) mouse","volume":"8","author":"Sluch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3862","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21796","article-title":"Adiponectin Mediates Dietary Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Protection Against Choroidal Neovascularization in Mice","volume":"58","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511006866","article-title":"Dietary inclusion of salmon, herring and pompano as oily fish reduces CVD risk markers in dyslipidaemic middle-aged and elderly Chinese women","volume":"108","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2009.06.003","article-title":"Influence of an eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid-enriched enteral nutrition formula on plasma fatty acid composition and biomarkers of insulin resistance in the elderly","volume":"29","author":"Olza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1305-z","article-title":"n-3 fatty acids and rosiglitazone improve insulin sensitivity through additive stimulatory effects on muscle glycogen synthesis in mice fed a high-fat diet","volume":"52","author":"Kuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-13-3","article-title":"The influence of EPA and DHA on markers of inflammation in 3T3-L1 cells at different stages of cellular maturation","volume":"13","author":"Prostek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.03.019","article-title":"An FGF21-adiponectin-ceramide axis controls energy expenditure and insulin action in mice","volume":"17","author":"Holland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2014.10.002","article-title":"Tissue-specific actions of the metabolic hormones FGF15\/19 and FGF21","volume":"26","author":"Owen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2010.11.003","article-title":"FGF21 reloaded: Challenges of a rapidly growing field","volume":"22","author":"Kharitonenkov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1224","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1132","article-title":"Dynamic change of serum FGF21 levels in response to glucose challenge in human","volume":"97","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4057","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0595","article-title":"Circulating FGF21 is liver derived and enhances glucose uptake during refeeding and overfeeding","volume":"63","author":"Markan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00037","article-title":"Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and Browning of White Adipose Tissue","volume":"10","author":"Mehta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.01.014","article-title":"FGF21 Administration Suppresses Retinal and Choroidal Neovascularization in Mice","volume":"18","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-0830","article-title":"Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Protects Photoreceptor Function in Type 1 Diabetic Mice","volume":"67","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102376","article-title":"Retinal glial remodeling by FGF21 preserves retinal function during photoreceptor degeneration","volume":"24","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.2","article-title":"Circulating FGF19 and FGF21 surge in early infancy from infra- to supra-adult concentrations","volume":"39","author":"Diaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2198","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1566","article-title":"Elevated FGF21 leads to attenuated postnatal linear growth in preterm infants through GH resistance in chondrocytes","volume":"99","author":"Guasti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1159\/000367922","article-title":"Serum fibroblast growth factor 21 levels are inversely associated with growth rates in infancy","volume":"82","author":"Mericq","year":"2014","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-10-1-68","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factors I and II. Peptide, messenger ribonucleic acid and gene structures, serum, and tissue concentrations","volume":"10","author":"Daughaday","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2016.09.008","article-title":"IGF-1 in retinopathy of prematurity, a CNS neurovascular disease","volume":"102","author":"Liegl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5804","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.101113998","article-title":"Low IGF-I suppresses VEGF-survival signaling in retinal endothelial cells: Direct correlation with clinical retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"98","author":"Hellstrom","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2013.01.006","article-title":"Nutrition, insulin-like growth factor-1 and retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"18","author":"Hard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.5.1016","article-title":"Postnatal serum insulin-like growth factor I deficiency is associated with retinopathy of prematurity and other complications of premature birth","volume":"112","author":"Hellstrom","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001247","article-title":"Postnatal Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor I and Retinopathy of Prematurity","volume":"37","author":"Jensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1159\/000512282","article-title":"Decreased Platelet Counts and Serum Levels of VEGF-A, PDGF-BB, and BDNF in Extremely Preterm Infants Developing Severe ROP","volume":"118","author":"Hellgren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1038\/70963","article-title":"Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent retinal neovascularization by insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181973dc8","article-title":"Oxygen-induced retinopathy in mice: Amplification by neonatal IGF-I deficit and attenuation by IGF-I administration","volume":"65","author":"Vanhaesebrouck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.10.033","article-title":"rhIGF-1\/rhIGFBP-3 in Preterm Infants: A Phase 2 Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"206","author":"Ley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99448","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.99448","article-title":"Thrombocytopenia is associated with severe retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"3","author":"Cakir","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"119","article-title":"Longitudinal study of the association between thrombocytopenia and retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"22","author":"Jensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. AAPOS Off. Publ. Am. Assoc. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61607-9","article-title":"Effect of fenofibrate on the need for laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy (FIELD study): A randomised controlled trial","volume":"370","author":"Keech","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1001288","article-title":"Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes","volume":"363","author":"Group","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(02)80095-9","article-title":"Fenofibrate in the treatment of dyslipidemia: A review of the data as they relate to the new suprabioavailable tablet formulation","volume":"24","author":"Najib","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-0413","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of PPARalpha agonists on diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes models","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-008-0941-5","article-title":"Renal failure, comorbidity and mortality in preterm infants","volume":"120","author":"Csaicsich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wien Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.44412","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Pemafibrate Versus Fenofibrate in Patients with High Triglyceride and Low HDL Cholesterol Levels: A Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Randomized Trial","volume":"25","author":"Arai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2007.05.066","article-title":"Design and synthesis of highly potent and selective human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonists","volume":"17","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioorgan. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomita, Y., Lee, D., Tsubota, K., and Kurihara, T. (2020). PPARalpha Agonist Oral Therapy in Diabetic Retinopathy. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8100433"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomita, Y., Ozawa, N., Miwa, Y., Ishida, A., Ohta, M., Tsubota, K., and Kurihara, T. (2019). Pemafibrate Prevents Retinal Pathological Neovascularization by Increasing FGF21 Level in a Murine Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20235878"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomita, Y., Lee, D., Miwa, Y., Jiang, X., Ohta, M., Tsubota, K., and Kurihara, T. (2020). Pemafibrate Protects Against Retinal Dysfunction in a Murine Model of Diabetic Retinopathy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176243"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swarbrick, A.W., Frederiks, A.J., and Foster, R.S. (2021). Systematic review of sirolimus in dermatological conditions. Australas. J. Derm.","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.13671"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200909-104JS","article-title":"Mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and autophagy: Roles in lymphangioleiomyomatosis therapy","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.00460.x","article-title":"Rapamycin in transplantation: A review of the evidence","volume":"59","author":"Saunders","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.03.035","article-title":"mTOR Signaling in Growth, Metabolism, and Disease","volume":"169","author":"Saxton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheon, S.Y., and Cho, K. (2021). Lipid metabolism, inflammation, and foam cell formation in health and metabolic disorders: Targeting mTORC1. J. Mol. Med.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-021-02117-8"},{"key":"ref_177","first-page":"964","article-title":"Systemic rapamycin inhibits retinal and choroidal neovascularization in mice","volume":"10","author":"Dejneka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b14-00487","article-title":"Anti-angiogenic effects of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy","volume":"37","author":"Yagasaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15822","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202001295R","article-title":"Protective effects of rapamycin on the retinal vascular bed during the vaso-obliteration phase in mouse oxygen-induced retinopathy model","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1128","article-title":"Rocks: Multifunctional kinases in cell behaviour","volume":"4","author":"Riento","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0762","article-title":"Rho kinase inhibition by fasudil ameliorates diabetes-induced microvascular damage","volume":"58","author":"Arita","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kan, L., Smith, A., Chen, M., Ledford, B.T., Fan, H., Liu, Z., and He, J.Q. (2015). Rho-Associated Kinase Inhibitor (Y-27632) Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Apoptosis of Human Cardiac Stem Cells. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144513"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(96)00811-3","article-title":"ROCK-I and ROCK-II, two isoforms of Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein serine\/threonine kinase in mice","volume":"392","author":"Nakagawa","year":"1996","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noda, K., Nakajima, S., Godo, S., Saito, H., Ikeda, S., Shimizu, T., Enkhjargal, B., Fukumoto, Y., Tsukita, S., and Yamada, T. (2014). Rho-kinase inhibition ameliorates metabolic disorders through activation of AMPK pathway in mice. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110446"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2011.593110","article-title":"RhoA activation and effect of Rho-kinase inhibitor in the development of retinal neovascularization in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy","volume":"36","author":"Fang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17411","article-title":"Vascular Normalization by ROCK Inhibitor: Therapeutic Potential of Ripasudil (K-115) Eye Drop in Retinal Angiogenesis and Hypoxia","volume":"57","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2016.1183030","article-title":"AMA0428, A Potent Rock Inhibitor, Attenuates Early and Late Experimental Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"42","author":"Hollanders","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768026","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/768026","article-title":"Oxidative stress, hypoxia, and autophagy in the neovascular processes of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"2014","author":"Blasiak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pesce, N.A., Canovai, A., Lardner, E., Cammalleri, M., Kvanta, A., Andre, H., and Dal Monte, M. (2021). Autophagy Involvement in the Postnatal Development of the Rat Retina. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010177"},{"key":"ref_190","first-page":"927","article-title":"Oxidative stress, autophagy and pyroptosis in the neovascularization of oxygeninduced retinopathy in mice","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.14.30","article-title":"Immunosubunit beta5i Knockout Suppresses Neovascularization and Restores Autophagy in Retinal Neovascularization by Targeting ATG5 for Degradation","volume":"61","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00279","article-title":"Effect of Autophagy Modulators on Vascular, Glial, and Neuronal Alterations in the Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy Mouse Model","volume":"13","author":"Subirada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.309973","article-title":"Endothelial-Specific Deficiency of ATG5 (Autophagy Protein 5) Attenuates Ischemia-Related Angiogenesis","volume":"39","author":"Sprott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.4.1049","article-title":"Higher dose of docosahexaenoic acid in the neonatal period improves visual acuity of preterm infants: Results of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"88","author":"Smithers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-017-4292-8","article-title":"Interplay Between n-3 and n-6 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and the Endocannabinoid System in Brain Protection and Repair","volume":"52","author":"Dyall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dierge, E., Debock, E., Guilbaud, C., Corbet, C., Mignolet, E., Mignard, L., Bastien, E., Dessy, C., Larondelle, Y., and Feron, O. (2021). Peroxidation of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the acidic tumor environment leads to ferroptosis-mediated anticancer effects. Cell Metab.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.016"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15715","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2841-12.2012","article-title":"Conditional Mullercell ablation causes independent neuronal and vascular pathologies in a novel transgenic model","volume":"32","author":"Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5179","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-07-05179.1995","article-title":"Lactate released by Muller glial cells is metabolized by photoreceptors from mammalian retina","volume":"15","author":"Poitry","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-014-1289-z","article-title":"Limited energy supply in Muller cells alters glutamate uptake","volume":"39","author":"Skytt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanow, M.A., Giarmarco, M.M., Jankowski, C.S., Tsantilas, K., Engel, A.L., Du, J., Linton, J.D., Farnsworth, C.C., Sloat, S.R., and Rountree, A. (2017). Biochemical adaptations of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium support a metabolic ecosystem in the vertebrate eye. eLife, 6.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.28899"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.61.2.327","article-title":"Renewal of fatty acids in the membranes of visual cell outer segments","volume":"61","author":"Bibb","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2010.03.001","article-title":"Retinoids for treatment of retinal diseases","volume":"31","author":"Palczewski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17248","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.195198","article-title":"Retinyl ester storage particles (retinosomes) from the retinal pigmented epithelium resemble lipid droplets in other tissues","volume":"286","author":"Orban","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.12.022","article-title":"Multi-dimensional Roles of Ketone Bodies in Fuel Metabolism, Signaling, and Therapeutics","volume":"25","author":"Puchalska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-3426-6_26","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid uptake and metabolism in photoreceptors: Retinal conservation by an efficient retinal pigment epithelial cell-mediated recycling process","volume":"318","author":"Bazan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689209069169","article-title":"Retinal pigment epithelial cells play a central role in the conservation of docosahexaenoic acid by photoreceptor cells after shedding and phagocytosis","volume":"11","author":"Gordon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/11\/11\/1119\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:20:03Z","timestamp":1760167203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/11\/11\/1119"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"references-count":206,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["life11111119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life11111119","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]}}}