{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:13:24Z","timestamp":1793121204844,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":245,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Puberty is a critical phase of growth and development characterized by a complex process regulated by the neuroendocrine system. Precocious puberty (PP) is defined as the appearance of physical and hormonal signs of pubertal development at an earlier age than is considered normal. The timing of puberty has important public health, clinical, and social implications. In fact, it is crucial in psychological and physical development and can impact future health. Nutritional status is considered as one of the most important factors modulating pubertal development. This narrative review presents an overview on the role of nutritional factors as determinants of the timing of sexual maturation, focusing on early-life and childhood nutrition. As reported, breast milk seems to have an important protective role against early puberty onset, mainly due to its positive influence on infant growth rate and childhood overweight prevention. The energy imbalance, macro\/micronutrient food content, and dietary patterns may modulate the premature activation of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013gonadal axis, inducing precocious activation of puberty. An increase in knowledge on the mechanism whereby nutrients may influence puberty will be useful in providing adequate nutritional recommendations to prevent PP and related complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life11121353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T11:00:23Z","timestamp":1638874823000},"page":"1353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The Role of Pediatric Nutrition as a Modifiable Risk Factor for Precocious Puberty"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2137-5974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Calcaterra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, \u201cVittore Buzzi\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric and Adolescent Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2111-3111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvira","family":"Verduci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, \u201cVittore Buzzi\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittoria Carlotta","family":"Magenes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, \u201cVittore Buzzi\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3549-498X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina Chiara","family":"Pascuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, \u201cVittore Buzzi\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8363-9210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, \u201cVittore Buzzi\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Sangiorgio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, \u201cVittore Buzzi\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Bosetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, \u201cVittore Buzzi\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2795-9874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianvincenzo","family":"Zuccotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, \u201cVittore Buzzi\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science \u201cL. Sacco\u201d, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6768-3411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Mameli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, \u201cVittore Buzzi\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science \u201cL. 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