{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T01:50:35Z","timestamp":1775785835056,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) is a central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory demyelinating disease characterized by recurrent inflammatory events that primarily involve optic nerves and the spinal cord, but also affect other regions of the CNS, including hypothalamus, area postrema and periaqueductal gray matter. The aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-IgG) is specific for NMOSD. Recently, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies (MOG-IgG) have been found in a group of AQP4-IgG negative patients. NMOSD is rare among children and adolescents, but early diagnosis is important to start adequate therapy. In this report, we present cases of seven pediatric patients with NMOSD and we review the clinical and neuroimaging characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of NMOSD in children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12010019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T10:16:18Z","timestamp":1640254578000},"page":"19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Pediatric Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: Case Series and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Michela Ada Noris","family":"Ferilli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Department, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7020-1471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Paparella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Morandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Neurology Unit, Systems Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University Hospital of Rome, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Papetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Department, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Fig\u00e0 Talamanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging Department, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Ruscitto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Neurology Unit, Systems Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University Hospital of Rome, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabiana","family":"Ursitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Department, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6200-060X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romina","family":"Moavero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Department, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Child Neurology Unit, Systems Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University Hospital of Rome, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Sforza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Department, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuela","family":"Tarantino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Psychology, Neuroscience Department, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7312-2768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Proietti Checchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Psychology, Neuroscience Department, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Vigevano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Department, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6602-103X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Valeriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Department, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Denmark Neurology Unit, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050304","article-title":"IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel","volume":"202","author":"Lennon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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