{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T02:22:30Z","timestamp":1771554150541,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005642","name":"University of Sassari","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FAR2020SANNAD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR2020SANNAD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005642","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005642","name":"University of Sassari","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FAR2020CASUM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR2020CASUM"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005642","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Taenia saginata is a globally distributed tapeworm responsible for human taeniasis due to the ingestion of raw or undercooked beef. T. saginata is present in several Asian countries, including China, Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia, and Vietnam, but little is known about its genetic variation. Studying the tapeworm\u2019s phylogeographic patterns is crucial to better understanding their association with the geographic distribution of taeniasis\/cysticercosis in human populations. In the present study, 38 specimens of this putative species were collected in central regions of Vietnam and analysed using the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I (COI) as a molecular marker to assess the correct species identification and investigate the level of genetic variation at different geographic scales. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses were carried out on a dataset that included COI sequences from Vietnamese specimens and from all conspecifics available in GenBank to date. The results showed that the collected Vietnamese specimens belonged to the species T. saginata. In Southeast Asia, signs of a possible founder effect were discovered, with the most common haplotypes frequent and present in many countries, except Lao PDR, which shares its most common haplotype only with individuals from Thailand. Remarkably, a unique taxonomic entity was found worldwide, even though the available COI sequences of T. saginata belonging to non-Asiatic countries are, at present, limited. Therefore, future studies including more COI sequences from a higher number of countries and the use of a combined molecular approach with multiple genetic markers would be useful to provide deeper insight into the global genetic variation of this species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12010070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T01:14:02Z","timestamp":1641518042000},"page":"70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Molecular Identification and Appraisal of the Genetic Variation of Taenia saginata in Central Regions of Vietnam"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Giang","family":"Tran Thi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 06 Ngo Quyen Street, Hue City 4200, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilenia","family":"Azzena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universit\u00e0 di Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43\/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3501-714X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Scarpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8946-8261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piero","family":"Cossu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Danh Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traditional Medicine Hospital of Thua Thien Hue Province, Hue City 4200, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phuong Anh","family":"Ton Nu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 06 Ngo Quyen Street, Hue City 4200, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9016-4436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thi Minh","family":"Chau Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 06 Ngo Quyen Street, Hue City 4200, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3058-4663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria","family":"Sanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universit\u00e0 di Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43\/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5042-4851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Casu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14965-3","article-title":"Human taeniasis and cysticercosis in Asia","volume":"362","author":"Ito","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2079-7","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Taenia saginata (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) from Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic and northeastern Thailand based on mitochondrial DNA","volume":"10","author":"Sanpool","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"463","article-title":"Introduction and Public Health, Importance of Foodborne Parasite","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biology of Foodborne Parasites"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2021.59.2.179","article-title":"Occurrence of a Hybrid Between Taenia saginata and Taenia asiatica Tapeworms in Cambodia","volume":"59","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S115","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2009.47.S.S115","article-title":"Geographical distribution of Taenia asiatica and related species","volume":"47","author":"Eom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60176-1","article-title":"Taeniasis and cysticercosis (Taenia saginata)","volume":"10","author":"Pawlowski","year":"1972","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01606-4","article-title":"Taenia tapeworms: Their biology, evolution and socioeconomic significance","volume":"4","author":"Hoberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03547556","article-title":"A Study on the Survival of Taenia saginata Eggs on Soil in Denmark","volume":"31","author":"Kyvsgaard","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.07.004","article-title":"Taenia saginata in Europe","volume":"149","author":"Dorny","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasit."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04095-1","article-title":"Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis\/cysticercosis: A systematic review of the distribution in East, Southeast and South Asia","volume":"13","author":"Eichenberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.04.007","article-title":"Human tapeworms in north Vietnam","volume":"101","author":"Somers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2014.52.2.125","article-title":"Current status of taeniasis and cysticercosis in Vietnam","volume":"52","author":"Le","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anantaphruti, M., Thaenkham, U., Kusolsuk, T., Maipanich, W., Saguankiat, S., Pubampen, S., and Phuphisut, O. (2013). Genetic variation and population genetics of Taenia saginata in north and northeast Thailand in relation to Taenia asiatica. J. Parasitol. Res., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/310605"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11230-005-5488-5","article-title":"Molecular phylogeny and systematics of anoplocephaline cestodes in rodents and lagomorphs","volume":"62","author":"Haukisalmi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Syst. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mariaux, J. (1998). A molecular phylogeny of the Eucestoda. J. Parasitol., 114\u2013124.","DOI":"10.2307\/3284540"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E23","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X21000110","article-title":"Phylogeny of hymenolepidids (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) from mammals: Sequences of 18S rRNA and COI genes confirm major clades revealed by the 28S rRNA analyses","volume":"95","author":"Neov","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1.25.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471250953.bi0313s48","article-title":"Clustal Omega","volume":"48","author":"Sievers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp187","article-title":"DnaSP v5: A software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data","volume":"25","author":"Librado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026036","article-title":"Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies","volume":"16","author":"Bandelt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/sys029","article-title":"MrBayes 3.2: Efficient bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space","volume":"61","author":"Ronquist","year":"2012","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2109","article-title":"jModelTest 2: More models, new heuristics and parallel computing","volume":"9","author":"Darriba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"772","article-title":"PartitionFinder 2: New methods for selecting partitioned models of evolution for molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses","volume":"34","author":"Lanfear","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1177011136","article-title":"Inference from iterative simulation using multiple sequences","volume":"7","author":"Gelman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Stat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1007\/s12526-018-0890-9","article-title":"How to achieve internal fertilization without a vagina: The study case of the genus Archilina Ax, 1959 (Platyhelminthes, Proseriata) from Canary Islands","volume":"49","author":"Scarpa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt499","article-title":"A general species delimitation method with applications to phylogenetic placements","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1007\/s12526-017-0785-1","article-title":"New insights on the genus Otoplana Du Plessis, 1889 (Platyhelminthes: Proseriata), with description of two new species from the Canary Islands","volume":"49","author":"Scarpa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2218","article-title":"Biological identifications through DNA barcodes","volume":"270","author":"Hebert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01731581","article-title":"A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences","volume":"16","author":"Kimura","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.13281","article-title":"ASAP: Assemble species by automatic partitioning","volume":"21","author":"Puillandre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts460","article-title":"GenAlEx 6.5: Genetic analysis in excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update","volume":"28","author":"Peakall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3354CC","article-title":"Portrait of human tapeworms","volume":"90","author":"Flisser","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2013.51.1.51","article-title":"Taenia asiatica: The most neglected human Taenia and the possibility of cysticercosis","volume":"51","author":"Fuentes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2013.51.1.43","article-title":"State of the art of Taenia solium as compared to Taenia asiatica","volume":"51","author":"Flisser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"107","article-title":"Human taeniasis: Current insights into prevention and management strategies in endemic countries","volume":"10","author":"Okello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Risk Manag. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.1.133-137.2000","article-title":"Differentiating Taenia solium and Taenia saginata infections by simple hematoxylin-eosin staining and PCR-restriction enzyme analysis","volume":"38","author":"Mayta","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.18.0201","article-title":"Current situation and future prospects for beef production in Thailand\u2014A review","volume":"31","author":"Bunmee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian-australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Phonivsay, A., Phuthasone, O., and Phonepaseuth, S. (2016). Assessment of Cattle Trade Development in Lao PDR: Study on Potential Impacts of Trade Liberalization under AFTA on Cattle Trade and Its Implication for the Cattle Development Policy in Viet Nam Migration Profile, International Organization for Migration. National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute (NAFRI)."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Smith, P., L\u00fcthi, N.B., Huachun, L., Oo, K.N., Phonvisay, A., Premashthira, S., Abila, R., Widders, P., Kukreja, K., and Miller, C. (2015). Movement Pathways and Market Chains of Large Ruminants in the Greater Mekong Sub-region, World Organisation of Animal Health."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"275","article-title":"Labor Migration flows from Vietnam to Thailand in the context of ASEAN regional integration","volume":"25","author":"Anh","year":"2017","journal-title":"RUDN J. Economics"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng-Nguyen, D., Stevenson, M.A., Breen, K., Van Phan, T., Thi Nguyen, V.A., Vo, T.V., and Traub, R.J. (2018). The epidemiology of Taenia spp. infection and Taenia solium cysticerci exposure in humans in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. BMC Infect. Dis., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3434-9"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/12\/1\/70\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:12:42Z","timestamp":1760364762000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/12\/1\/70"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["life12010070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life12010070","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]}}}