{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T17:39:00Z","timestamp":1789493940093,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is an androgen-dependent process and represents the most frequent non-scarring alopecia. Treatments for AGA do not always achieve a satisfactory result for the patient, and sometimes cause side effects that lead to discontinuation of treatment. AGA therapeutics currently includes topical and oral drugs, as well as follicular unit micro-transplantation techniques. Tissue engineering (TE) is postulated as one of the possible future solutions to the problem and aims to develop fully functional hair follicles that maintain their cyclic rhythm in a physiological manner. However, despite its great potential, reconstitution of fully functional hair follicles is still a challenge to overcome and the knowledge gained of the key processes in hair follicle morphogenesis and biology has not yet been translated into effective replacement therapies in clinical practice. To achieve this, it is necessary to research and develop new approaches, techniques and biomaterials. In this review, present and emerging hair follicle bioengineering strategies are evaluated. The current problems of these bioengineering techniques are discussed, as well as the advantages and disadvantages, and the future prospects for the field of TE and successful hair follicle regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12010117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T03:14:03Z","timestamp":1642130043000},"page":"117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Tissue Engineering and Regeneration of the Human Hair Follicle in Androgenetic Alopecia: Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Llamas-Molina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Carrero-Casta\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0381-6174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Ruiz-Villaverde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Biosanitario de Granada, Ibs, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Biosanitario de Granada, Ibs, 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.12.005","article-title":"The Hair Follicle as a Dynamic Miniorgan","volume":"19","author":"Schneider","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. 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