{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T22:15:15Z","timestamp":1785795315640,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infections often complicate the course of hematological diseases and may represent a diagnostic challenge. In particular, visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis may be missed in lymphoma patients, as lymphoma-related immunosuppression can lead to a misleadingly negative Leishmania serology and to atypical clinical manifestations, including the lack of fever, considered a common symptom in leishmaniasis. Herein, we report a case of visceral leishmaniasis in a patient with a long history of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia presenting with increasing fatigue and diarrhea, in the absence of fever. Leishmania serology was negative. Bone marrow biopsy performed with the clinical suspicion of transformation to high-grade lymphoma disclosed intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies resembling Leishmania amastigotes within the cytoplasm of macrophages, and CD1a immunohistochemical expression helped to confirm the diagnosis of leishmaniasis. Liposomal amphotericin B was administered with complete symptom resolution. The correct identification of Leishmania is critical as visceral leishmaniasis represents a severe disease with an often fatal outcome, particularly in frail patients, unless promptly recognized and adequately treated. A review of the literature of visceral leishmaniasis cases occurring in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients is performed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12020185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T22:00:56Z","timestamp":1643320856000},"page":"185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Visceral Leishmaniasis Associated with B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8733-9933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magda","family":"Zanelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0183-757X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Tafuni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Sanguedolce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Ospedali Riuniti di Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9841-7856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Zizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Oncology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2299-5160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Palicelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Simonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Onco- Hematology, Hospital of Spoleto, USL Umbria 2, 06049 Spoleto, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nando","family":"Scarpelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Onco- Hematology, Hospital of Spoleto, USL Umbria 2, 06049 Spoleto, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Quintini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematopathology, Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica\u2014C.R.E.O., University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Rosignoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Grasselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Cavazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3957-6720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematopathology, Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica\u2014C.R.E.O., University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy"},{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera \u201cSanta Maria\u201d di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Ascani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera \u201cSanta Maria\u201d di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67629-5","article-title":"Advances in leishmaniasis","volume":"366","author":"Murray","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"392","author":"Burza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.24671","article-title":"Visceral Leishmaniasis: Kala-azar","volume":"49","author":"Safavi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagn. 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