{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T19:12:47Z","timestamp":1791832367264,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL141583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL141583"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a lethal degenerative vascular disease that affects, mostly, the elder population, with a high mortality rate (&gt;80%) upon rupture. It features a dilation of the aortic diameter to larger than 30 mm or more than 50%. Diverse pathological processes are involved in the development of AAA, including aortic wall inflammation, elastin breakdown, oxidative stress, smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic switching and dysfunction, and extracellular matrix degradation. With open surgery being the only therapeutic option up to date, the lack of pharmaceutical treatment approach calls for identifying novel and effective targets and further understanding the pathological process of AAA. Both lifestyle and genetic predisposition have an important role in increasing the risk of AAA. Several cell types are closely related to the pathogenesis of AAA. Among them, vascular SMCs (VSMCs) are gaining much attention as a critical contributor for AAA initiation and\/or progression. In this review, we summarize what is known about AAA, including the risk factors, the pathophysiology, and the established animal models of AAA. In particular, we focus on the VSMC phenotypic switching and dysfunction in AAA formation. Further understanding the regulation of VSMC phenotypic changes may provide novel therapeutic targets for the treatment or prevention of AAA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12020191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T22:00:56Z","timestamp":1643320856000},"page":"191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation with a Focus on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1804-7993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoqing","family":"Qian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4824-6766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluwaseun","family":"Adeyanju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayobami","family":"Olajuyin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7245-9801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xia","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.1991.26737","article-title":"Suggested standards for reporting on arterial aneurysms. Subcommittee on Reporting Standards for Arterial Aneurysms, Ad Hoc Committee on Reporting Standards, Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery","volume":"13","author":"Johnston","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Jersey, A.M., and Foster, D.M. (2021). Cerebral Aneurysm, StatPearls Publishing LLC."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313187","article-title":"Cellular Mechanisms of Aortic Aneurysm Formation","volume":"124","author":"Quintana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Kainth, A., and Smeds, M.R. (2021). Popliteal Aneurysm Repair, StatPearls Publishing LLC."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2003.07.020","article-title":"A statewide experience with endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: Rapid diffusion with excellent early results","volume":"39","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2010.180","article-title":"Pathophysiology and epidemiology of abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"8","author":"Nordon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"619","article-title":"Incidence of diagnosis, operation and death from abdominal aortic aneurysms in Danish hospitals: Results from a nation-wide survey, 1977\u20131990","volume":"159","author":"Eickhoff","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg. Acta Chir."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.011","article-title":"Management of abdominal aortic aneurysms clinical practice guidelines of the European society for vascular surgery","volume":"41","author":"Moll","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1053\/ejvs.1998.0708","article-title":"Mortality in ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. The Finnvasc Study Group","volume":"17","author":"Kantonen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2017.04.002","article-title":"Update on Screening for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm","volume":"54","author":"Earnshaw","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041116","article-title":"AAA Screening Should Be Expanded","volume":"140","author":"Landon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1053\/ejvs.2001.1422","article-title":"Literature review of surgical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"22","author":"Hallin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1586\/14779072.2015.1074861","article-title":"Understanding the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"13","author":"Kuivaniemi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Cardiovasc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altobelli, E., Rapacchietta, L., Profeta, V.F., and Fagnano, R. (2018). Risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysm in population-based studies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201810.0636.v1"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.85.1.378","article-title":"Aortic aneurysms and atherosclerosis","volume":"85","author":"Tilson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1590\/S0041-87812003000200002","article-title":"Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"58","author":"Bonamigo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Hosp. Clin. Fac. Med. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/096914130301100112","article-title":"Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms: The effects of age and social deprivation on screening uptake, prevalence and attendance at follow-up in the MASS trial","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Screen."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2017.04.009","article-title":"Multi-Centre Study on Cardiovascular Risk Management on Patients Undergoing AAA Surveillance","volume":"54","author":"Saratzis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.030379","article-title":"Low prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm among 65-year-old Swedish men indicates a change in the epidemiology of the disease","volume":"124","author":"Svensjo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.300158","article-title":"Understanding the effects of tobacco smoke on the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysm","volume":"33","author":"Norman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.10.005","article-title":"Cigarette smoke enhances abdominal aortic aneurysm formation in angiotensin II-treated apolipoprotein E-deficient mice","volume":"199","author":"Stolle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122ra122","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003441","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 blocks abdominal aortic aneurysm development and nicotine-augmented expansion","volume":"4","author":"Maegdefessel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI7818","article-title":"Angiotensin II promotes atherosclerotic lesions and aneurysms in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice","volume":"105","author":"Daugherty","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.690982","article-title":"Aortic aneurysms: An immune disease with a strong genetic component","volume":"117","author":"Kuivaniemi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2009.08.036","article-title":"Genetic and environmental contributions to abdominal aortic aneurysm development in a twin population","volume":"51","author":"Wahlgren","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1053\/ejvs.2002.1692","article-title":"Familial abdominal aortic aneurysm: A systematic review of a genetic background","volume":"24","author":"Pals","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"117","article-title":"Abdominal aortic aneurysm: Consequences of a positive family history","volume":"32","author":"Cole","year":"1989","journal-title":"Can. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2008.08.012","article-title":"A population-based case-control study of the familial risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"49","author":"Larsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.20.2469","article-title":"Identification of a chromosome 11q23. 2-q24 locus for familial aortic aneurysm disease, a genetically heterogeneous disorder","volume":"103","author":"Vaughan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000127857.77161.A1","article-title":"Genome scan for familial abdominal aortic aneurysm using sex and family history as covariates suggests genetic heterogeneity and identifies linkage to chromosome 19q13","volume":"109","author":"Shibamura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308765","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Identifies Four New Disease-Specific Risk Loci","volume":"120","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.05.001","article-title":"Systematic review of genome-wide association studies of abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"327","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.06.022","article-title":"Associations of global DNA methylation and homocysteine levels with abdominal aortic aneurysm: A cohort study from a population-based screening program in Sweden","volume":"321","author":"Vats","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.001","article-title":"The potential role of DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"241","author":"Toghill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2016.04.019","article-title":"Association of Hypertension with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Expansion","volume":"39","author":"Takagi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2008.04.017","article-title":"Abdominal aortic aneurysm and the impact of infectious burden","volume":"36","author":"Nyberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5017","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26901","article-title":"Abdominal aortic aneurysm and virus infection: A potential causative role for cytomegalovirus infection?","volume":"93","author":"Jablonska","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.20.1.99","article-title":"A lamellar unit of aortic medial structure and function in mammals","volume":"20","author":"Wolinsky","year":"1967","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1982.01380350001001","article-title":"Aortic aneurysm: A multifocal disease: Presidential address","volume":"117","author":"Crawford","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1199","article-title":"Human abdominal aortic aneurysms. Immunophenotypic analysis suggesting an immune-mediated response","volume":"137","author":"Koch","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1996.01430130087017","article-title":"Features of autoimmunity in the abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"131","author":"Gregory","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609161","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.609161","article-title":"Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Roles of Inflammatory Cells","volume":"11","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1160\/TH05-03-0203","article-title":"Interleukin-1 gene cluster variants and abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"94","author":"Marculescu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2003.174","article-title":"The role of cytokine gene polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms: A case-control study","volume":"37","author":"Bown","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.18.2260","article-title":"Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the prognosis of abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"103","author":"Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(92)90101-D","article-title":"Correlation of inflammatory infiltrate with the enlargement of experimental aortic aneurysms","volume":"16","author":"Anidjar","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.17.11.2843","article-title":"Elevated circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"17","author":"Juvonen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(03)00125-3","article-title":"Transient exposure to elastase induces mouse aortic wall smooth muscle cell production of MCP-1 and RANTES during development of experimental aortic aneurysm","volume":"38","author":"Colonnello","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2002.120382","article-title":"Monocyte chemotactic activity in human abdominal aortic aneurysms: Role of elastin degradation peptides and the 67\u2013kD cell surface elastin receptor","volume":"35","author":"Hance","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6306542","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6306542","article-title":"Endothelium as a Potential Target for Treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm","volume":"2018","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867326666190923151959","article-title":"Endothelium in Aortic Aneurysm Disease: New Insights","volume":"27","author":"Spartalis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"993","article-title":"Decreased vascular smooth muscle cell density in medial degeneration of human abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"150","author":"Holmes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000013778.72404.30","article-title":"Oxidative stress in human abdominal aortic aneurysms: A potential mediator of aneurysmal remodeling","volume":"22","author":"Miller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2012.10.552","article-title":"Vascular smooth muscle cells from abdominal aortic aneurysms have uniquely high elastolytic potential associated with activation of MMP-2","volume":"179","author":"Airhart","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1097\/00019501-199710000-00005","article-title":"Vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis in abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"8","author":"Thompson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Coron. Artery Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2016.08.001","article-title":"Vascular Cells in Blood Vessel Wall Development and Disease","volume":"78","author":"Mazurek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2010.0283","article-title":"MicroRNA-1 regulates smooth muscle cell differentiation by repressing Kruppel-like factor 4","volume":"20","author":"Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3013","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270033","article-title":"Origin and differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"593","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4331\/wjbc.v3.i3.41","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta and smooth muscle differentiation","volume":"3","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00041.2003","article-title":"Molecular regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation in development and disease","volume":"84","author":"Owens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.020958","article-title":"Developmental origin of smooth muscle cells in the descending aorta in mice","volume":"135","author":"Wasteson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-012110-142315","article-title":"Epigenetic control of smooth muscle cell differentiation and phenotypic switching in vascular development and disease","volume":"74","author":"Alexander","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-016-1821-x","article-title":"Noncoding RNAs in smooth muscle cell homeostasis: Implications in phenotypic switch and vascular disorders","volume":"468","author":"Pisano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Arch.-Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2009.07.075","article-title":"Smooth muscle phenotypic modulation is an early event in aortic aneurysms","volume":"138","author":"Ailawadi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.108.176974","article-title":"Conditional deletion of Kruppel-like factor 4 delays downregulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation markers but accelerates neointimal formation following vascular injury","volume":"102","author":"Yoshida","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201506181","article-title":"Smooth muscle FGF\/TGF \u03b2 cross talk regulates atherosclerosis progression","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.305863","article-title":"Dedicator of cytokinesis 2, a novel regulator for smooth muscle phenotypic modulation and vascular remodeling","volume":"116","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.304412","article-title":"Vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic changes in patients with Marfan syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Meirelles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1721","article-title":"Mutations in myosin heavy chain 11 cause a syndrome associating thoracic aortic aneurysm\/aortic dissection and patent ductus arteriosus","volume":"38","author":"Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI69942","article-title":"Tgfbr2 disruption in postnatal smooth muscle impairs aortic wall homeostasis","volume":"124","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10180","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10180","article-title":"SMAD3 deficiency promotes vessel wall remodeling, collagen fiber reorganization and leukocyte infiltration in an inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm mouse model","volume":"5","author":"Dai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI38136","article-title":"TGF-beta activity protects against inflammatory aortic aneurysm progression and complications in angiotensin II-infused mice","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Rateri, D.L., Howatt, D.A., Balakrishnan, A., Moorleghen, J.J., Cassis, L.A., and Daugherty, A. (2016). TGF-beta Neutralization Enhances AngII-Induced Aortic Rupture and Aneurysm in Both Thoracic and Abdominal Regions. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153811"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.01.004","article-title":"Downregulation of transforming growth factor, beta receptor 2 and Notch signaling pathway in human abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"221","author":"Biros","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2009.141","article-title":"Association of the TGF-beta receptor genes with abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"18","author":"Baas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.02.013","article-title":"Smooth Muscle Cell Reprogramming in Aortic Aneurysms","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.110.958702","article-title":"miR-143 and miR-145: Molecular keys to switch the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"4","author":"Rangrez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Genet."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1842409","article-title":"MicroRNAs miR-143 and miR-145 modulate cytoskeletal dynamics and responsiveness of smooth muscle cells to injury","volume":"23","author":"Xin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.153","article-title":"The knockout of miR-143 and -145 alters smooth muscle cell maintenance and vascular homeostasis in mice: Correlates with human disease","volume":"16","author":"Elia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"290","article-title":"Mechanisms of arterial remodeling: Lessons from genetic diseases","volume":"3","author":"Rennenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.78.1.38","article-title":"Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity inhibits smooth muscle cell migration but not neointimal thickening after arterial injury","volume":"78","author":"Bendeck","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2006.10.025","article-title":"The genetic basis of abdominal aortic aneurysms: A review","volume":"33","author":"Sandford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(93)90607-N","article-title":"Expression and sequence of the gene for tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"18","author":"Tilson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2017.08.002","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinases, Vascular Remodeling, and Vascular Disease","volume":"81","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2007.07.004","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in vascular remodeling and vascular disease","volume":"75","author":"Raffetto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(03)01027-9","article-title":"Functional matrix metalloproteinase-9 polymorphism (C-1562T) associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"38","author":"Jones","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01909-5","article-title":"Polymorphisms in the promoter regions of MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9 and MMP-12 genes as determinants of aneurysmal coronary artery disease","volume":"40","author":"Lamblin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.5126","article-title":"Genotype\u2013phenotype relationships in an investigation of the role of proteases in abdominal aortic aneurysm expansion","volume":"92","author":"Eriksson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Br. Surg."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2004.12.004","article-title":"MMP-12 has a role in abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice","volume":"137","author":"Longo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(91)90058-T","article-title":"Decreased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) in abdominal aortic aneurysm tissue: A preliminary report","volume":"50","author":"Brophy","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2004.07.247","article-title":"Enhanced abdominal aortic aneurysm in TIMP-1-deficient mice","volume":"123","author":"Eskandari","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2000.104589","article-title":"Association of the 4G\/5G polymorphism in the promoter region of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 with abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"31","author":"Rossaak","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurung, R., Choong, A.M., Woo, C.C., Foo, R., and Sorokin, V. (2020). Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Modulation in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176334"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2012.05.005","article-title":"MicroRNAs and aneurysm formation","volume":"21","author":"Boon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.303134","article-title":"Prevention of abdominal aortic aneurysm by anti-microRNA-712 or anti-microRNA-205 in angiotensin II-infused mice","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.024513","article-title":"Induction of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in human abdominal aortic aneurysm: Therapeutic potential of HDAC inhibitors","volume":"9","author":"Galan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1159\/000110041","article-title":"A novel histone deacetylase inhibitor reduces abdominal aortic aneurysm formation in angiotensin II-infused apolipoprotein E-deficient mice","volume":"45","author":"Vinh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2848","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.121.316808","article-title":"Pan-HDAC (Histone Deacetylase) Inhibitors Increase Susceptibility of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection in Mice","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20151794","article-title":"Calorie restriction protects against experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice","volume":"213","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"94","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress in arterial smooth muscle cells: A novel regulator of vascular disease","volume":"13","author":"Furmanik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20190399","article-title":"Enhanced endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial stress in abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"133","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.10.026","article-title":"Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Attenuates Angiotensin II Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation in Apolipoprotein E-deficient Mice by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress","volume":"53","author":"Qin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.311450","article-title":"Unspliced XBP1 confers VSMC homeostasis and prevents aortic aneurysm formation via FoxO4 interaction","volume":"121","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4534","article-title":"Mechanical stretch-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis and inflammation contribute to thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection","volume":"236","author":"Jia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000172631.50972.0f","article-title":"Vitamin E inhibits abdominal aortic aneurysm formation in angiotensin II-infused apolipoprotein E-deficient mice","volume":"25","author":"Gavrila","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.307825","article-title":"Intermedin1\u2212 53 Attenuates Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress","volume":"36","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvt205","article-title":"Oxidative stress modulates vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype via CTGF in thoracic aortic aneurysm","volume":"100","author":"Branchetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2016.11.002","article-title":"NOX isoforms in the development of abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"11","author":"Siu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000257552.94483.14","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"27","author":"McCormick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.03.029","article-title":"Inhibition of reactive oxygen species attenuates aneurysm formation in a murine model","volume":"202","author":"Xiong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2794","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5607","article-title":"NADPH oxidases in vascular pathology","volume":"20","author":"Konior","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvt268","article-title":"Acetylation of cyclophilin A is required for its secretion and vascular cell activation","volume":"101","author":"Soe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.607168","article-title":"Deletion of p47phox attenuates angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm formation in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice","volume":"114","author":"Thomas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.310478","article-title":"Cigarette smoke initiates oxidative stress-induced cellular phenotypic modulation leading to cerebral aneurysm pathogenesis","volume":"38","author":"Starke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2000.102847","article-title":"Vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis in aneurysmal, occlusive, and normal human aortas","volume":"31","author":"Rowe","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2012.01.038","article-title":"Accelerated aneurysmal dilation associated with apoptosis and inflammation in a newly developed calcium phosphate rodent abdominal aortic aneurysm model","volume":"56","author":"Yamanouchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119076","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species produced by macrophage-derived foam cells regulate the activity of vascular matrix metalloproteinases in vitro. Implications for atherosclerotic plaque stability","volume":"98","author":"Rajagopalan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20170252","article-title":"ER stress dependent microparticles derived from smooth muscle cells promote endothelial dysfunction during thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection","volume":"131","author":"Jia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.33.1.29","article-title":"Fas ligand-induced apoptosis","volume":"33","author":"Nagata","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1711.1999.00837.x","article-title":"Cell death induced by the Fas\/Fas ligand pathway and its role in pathology","volume":"77","author":"Waring","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.1.96","article-title":"Death of smooth muscle cells and expression of mediators of apoptosis by T lymphocytes in human abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"99","author":"Henderson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C709","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.2001.280.3.C709","article-title":"Fas\/Fas ligand-mediated death pathway is involved in oxLDL-induced apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"280","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2174\/1871529X11313020004","article-title":"Anti-apoptotic serpins as therapeutics in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"13","author":"Kuiper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Hematol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e209","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2011.88","article-title":"Serpina3n attenuates granzyme B-mediated decorin cleavage and rupture in a murine model of aortic aneurysm","volume":"2","author":"Ang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044803","article-title":"Cyclodextrin Prevents Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm via Activation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Transcription Factor EB","volume":"142","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22422","article-title":"MicroRNA-26a is a novel regulator of vascular smooth muscle cell function","volume":"226","author":"Leeper","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.013","article-title":"Long noncoding RNAs in key cellular processes involved in aortic aneurysms","volume":"292","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2020.107296","article-title":"MicroRNAs: Roles in cardiovascular development and disease","volume":"50","author":"Kalayinia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032184","article-title":"H19 Induces Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Development and Progression","volume":"138","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"218","article-title":"Knockdown of lncRNA PVT1 Inhibits Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis and Extracellular Matrix Disruption in a Murine Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Model","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.304899","article-title":"Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 contributes to abdominal aortic aneurysms via smooth muscle cell necrosis and inflammation","volume":"116","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1468-6","article-title":"Identification of a novel class of RIP1\/RIP3 dual inhibitors that impede cell death and inflammation in mouse abdominal aortic aneurysm models","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvssci.2020.07.001","article-title":"GSK2593074A blocks progression of existing abdominal aortic dilation","volume":"1","author":"Khoury","year":"2020","journal-title":"JVS Vasc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, T., DeRoo, E., Yang, H., Stranz, A., Wang, Q., Ginnan, R., Singer, H.A., and Liu, B. (2021). MLKL and CaMKII Are Involved in RIPK3-Mediated Smooth Muscle Cell Necroptosis. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092397"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.106048","article-title":"Targeting regulated cell death in aortic aneurysm and dissection therapy","volume":"176","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm. Res"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2010.01.057","article-title":"The pathophysiology of abdominal aortic aneurysm growth: Corresponding and discordant inflammatory and proteolytic processes in abdominal aortic and popliteal artery aneurysms","volume":"51","author":"Hanemaaijer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0b013e3181b04698","article-title":"Immune cells and molecular mediators in the pathogenesis of the abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"17","author":"Rizas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3866","article-title":"KLF4-dependent phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells has a key role in atherosclerotic plaque pathogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Shankman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-018-0460-9","article-title":"SMYD2 promoter DNA methylation is associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and SMYD2 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"10","author":"Toghill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5414","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.610345","article-title":"The histone methyltransferase Smyd2 is a negative regulator of macrophage activation by suppressing interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) production","volume":"290","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5214","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6214","article-title":"miR-24 limits aortic vascular inflammation and murine abdominal aneurysm development","volume":"5","author":"Maegdefessel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C210","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00229.2010","article-title":"Role of calcium-phosphate deposition in vascular smooth muscle cell calcification","volume":"300","author":"Millan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.172387","article-title":"Mineral surface in calcified plaque is like that of bone: Further evidence for regulated mineralization","volume":"28","author":"Duer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.119.230276","article-title":"Vascular Calcification: The Evolving Relationship of Vascular Calcification to Major Acute Coronary Events","volume":"60","author":"Strauss","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2013.09.006","article-title":"Calcification as a risk factor for rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"46","author":"Buijs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.312787","article-title":"Role of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Switching and Calcification in Aortic Aneurysm Formation","volume":"39","author":"Petsophonsakul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-308779","article-title":"Monitoring the biological activity of abdominal aortic aneurysms Beyond Ultrasound","volume":"102","author":"Forsythe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2007.03.012","article-title":"Aneurysmal wall calcification predicts natural history of small abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"197","author":"Lindholt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.11.053","article-title":"(18)F-Sodium Fluoride Uptake in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: The SoFIA(3) Study","volume":"71","author":"Forsythe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2008.03.059","article-title":"Increased 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in abdominal aortic aneurysms in positron emission\/computed tomography is associated with inflammation, aortic wall instability, and acute symptoms","volume":"48","author":"Reeps","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2006.01692.x","article-title":"Vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic plasticity and the regulation of vascular calcification","volume":"260","author":"Iyemere","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.234914","article-title":"Arterial calcification in chronic kidney disease: Key roles for calcium and phosphate","volume":"109","author":"Shanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.15.11.2003","article-title":"Beta-glycerophosphate accelerates calcification in cultured bovine vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"15","author":"Shioi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3480","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000148367.08413.E9","article-title":"Elastin degradation and calcification in an abdominal aorta injury model: Role of matrix metalloproteinases","volume":"110","author":"Basalyga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.933579","article-title":"Animal models in the research of abdominal aortic aneurysms development","volume":"66","author":"Patelis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1159\/000447263","article-title":"Extra- and Intraluminal Elastase Induce Morphologically Distinct Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Mice and Thus Represent Specific Subtypes of Human Disease","volume":"53","author":"Busch","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2012.02.010","article-title":"Development of a novel murine model of aortic aneurysms using peri-adventitial elastase","volume":"152","author":"Bhamidipati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.308534","article-title":"Translational Relevance and Recent Advances of Animal Models of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm","volume":"37","author":"Senemaud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1006\/jsre.2001.6207","article-title":"Murine aortic aneurysm produced by periarterial application of calcium chloride","volume":"99","author":"Chiou","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2016.07.105","article-title":"A novel chronic advanced stage abdominal aortic aneurysm murine model","volume":"66","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2017.10.003","article-title":"A novel reproducible model of aortic aneurysm rupture","volume":"163","author":"Fashandi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-010-0446-8","article-title":"High fat diet containing cholesterol induce aortic aneurysm through recruitment and proliferation of circulating agranulocytes in apoE knock out mice model","volume":"30","author":"Gopal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa214","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the cellular heterogeneity of aneurysmal infrarenal abdominal aorta","volume":"117","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5022","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07495-1","article-title":"Macrophage-derived netrin-1 promotes abdominal aortic aneurysm formation by activating MMP3 in vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"9","author":"Hadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawson, A., Li, Y., Li, Y., Ren, P., Vasquez, H.G., Zhang, C., Rebello, K.R., Ageedi, W., Azares, A.R., and Mattar, A.B. (2021). Single-Cell Analysis of Aneurysmal Aortic Tissue in Patients with Marfan Syndrome Reveals Dysfunctional TGF-\u03b2 Signaling. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13010095"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/12\/2\/191\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:09:16Z","timestamp":1760134156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/12\/2\/191"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"references-count":165,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["life12020191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life12020191","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]}}}