{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:51:35Z","timestamp":1760151095049,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007076","name":"Italian Association for Cancer Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5 x 1000 No. 21198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5 x 1000 No. 21198"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministry of Education, Universities and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRIN; 2015ZMRFEA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN; 2015ZMRFEA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most common type of leukemia in adults, is characterized by a high degree of clinical heterogeneity that is influenced by the disease\u2019s molecular complexity. The genes most frequently affected in CLL cluster into specific biological pathways, including B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, apoptosis, NF-\u03baB, and NOTCH1 signaling. BCR signaling and the apoptosis pathway have been exploited to design targeted medicines for CLL therapy. Consistently, molecules that selectively inhibit specific BCR components, namely Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) as well as inhibitors of BCL2, have revolutionized the therapeutic management of CLL patients. Several BTK inhibitors and PI3K inhibitors with different modes of action are currently used or are in development in advanced stage clinical trials. Moreover, the restoration of apoptosis by the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax offers meaningful clinical activity with a fixed-duration scheme. Inhibitors of the BCR and of BCL2 are able to overcome the chemorefractoriness associated with high-risk genetic features, including TP53 disruption. Other signaling cascades involved in CLL pathogenesis, in particular NOTCH signaling and NF-kB signaling, already provide biomarkers for a precision medicine approach to CLL and may represent potential druggable targets for the future. The aim of the present review is to discuss the druggable pathways of CLL and to provide the biological background of the high efficacy of targeted biological drugs in CLL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12020283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T20:26:42Z","timestamp":1644870402000},"page":"283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Druggable Molecular Pathways in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0048-3845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Almasri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2017-138X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marah","family":"Amer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9515-5827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Ghanej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdurraouf Mokhtar","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4681-0151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Gaidano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Moia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.2399","article-title":"The 2016 updated WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasias","volume":"35","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hematol. 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