{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T14:55:57Z","timestamp":1781967357590,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015103","name":"Japan Racing Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Livestock Promotional Funds of Japan Racing Association"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Livestock Promotional Funds of Japan Racing Association"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015103","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pregnancy loss predominantly occurs during the first 3\u20134 weeks due to fertilization failure or early embryonic losses in cattle. Insufficient biochemical communication between conceptus (embryo plus extraembryonic membranes) and endometrium has been suspected as the primary cause for early embryonic losses. If molecules regulating this communication were identified, molecular mechanisms associated with early pregnancy losses could be better understood. To identify candidate molecules as detection markers of non-pregnant or females undergoing embryonic loss, peripheral blood from embryo-transferred heifers on day 7 (day 0 = day of estrus) were collected on days 17 (pre-attachment), 20 (during attachment), and 22 (post-attachment), which were subjected to metabolome and global proteome iTRAQ analyses. The metabolome analysis partly divided serum components into pregnant or not. In the iTRAQ analysis, heatmap analysis with top 25 proteins was separated into pregnant or not on day 20 or 22. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis identified five candidate proteins detecting non-pregnant heifers, of which SNX5 in day 22 serum had the highest area under the curve (AUC): 0.983. We also detected SNX5 in day 22 serum from non-pregnant heifers using western blotting. These results suggest that high SNX5 in day 22 serum could predict early pregnancy loss in heifers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12020309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T08:22:19Z","timestamp":1645431739000},"page":"309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Characterization of Serum Metabolome and Proteome Profiles Identifies SNX5 Specific for Pregnancy Failure in Holstein Heifers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9120-0475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuya","family":"Kusama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rulan","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuta","family":"Matsuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Ideta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zen-Noh Embryo Transfer Center, Fukuoka 810-0001, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshihiro","family":"Sakurai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Science, Ohu University, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Nagaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masatoshi","family":"Hori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3798-3560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuhiko","family":"Imakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"432","article-title":"Interferons as hormones of pregnancy","volume":"13","author":"Roberts","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocr. 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