{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T21:36:36Z","timestamp":1792532196147,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["40001016006P1 314288\/2018\u20130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["40001016006P1 314288\/2018\u20130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CFII5 301202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CFII5 301202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pemphigus is a group of blistering autoimmune diseases causing painful skin lesions, characterized by acantholysis and by the production of autoantibodies against, mainly, adhesion proteins. We reviewed the literature for molecules and\/ or features involved in the 12 cell death pathways described by Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death, taking place in pemphigus patients, cell lines, or human skin organ cultures treated with sera or IgG from pemphigus patients or in pemphigus mouse models, and found 61 studies mentioning 97 molecules involved in cell death pathways. Among the molecules, most investigated were pleiotropic molecules such as TNF and CASP3, followed by FASL and CASP8, and then by FAS, BAX, BCL2, and TP53, all involved in more than one pathway but interpreted to function only within apoptosis. Most of these previous investigations focused only on apoptosis, but four recent studies, using TUNEL assays and\/or electron microscopy, disqualified this pathway as a previous event of acantholysis. For PV, apoptolysis was suggested as a cell death mechanism based on pathogenic autoantibodies diversity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and p38 MAPK signaling. To answer those many questions that remain on cell death and pemphigus, we propose well-controlled, statistically relevant investigations on pemphigus and cell death pathways besides apoptosis, to overcome the challenges of understanding the etiopathology of pemphigus diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12030329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T22:34:30Z","timestamp":1645569270000},"page":"329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Marked to Die-Cell Death Mechanisms for Keratinocyte Acantholysis in Pemphigus Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4000-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Val\u00e9ria","family":"Bumiller-Bini Hoch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paran\u00e1 (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil"},{"name":"L\u00fcbeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6986-8113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larissa","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Elisabeth","family":"Pumpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L\u00fcbeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emelie","family":"L\u00fcders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L\u00fcbeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer Elisabeth","family":"Hundt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L\u00fcbeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelica Beate Winter","family":"Boldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31778-7","article-title":"Pemphigus","volume":"394","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21310","article-title":"Desmosomes and Extradesmosomal Adhesive Signaling Contacts in Pemphigus: DESMOSOMES IN HEALTH AND DISEASE","volume":"34","author":"Waschke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.390","article-title":"Desmoglein as a Target in Skin Disease and Beyond","volume":"132","author":"Amagai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.070028","article-title":"Pemphigus IgG Causes Skin Splitting in the Presence of Both Desmoglein 1 and Desmoglein 3","volume":"171","author":"Spindler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5252","article-title":"Explanations for the Clinical and Microscopic Localization of Lesions in Pemphigus Foliaceus and Vulgaris","volume":"103","author":"Mahoney","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2011.606444","article-title":"Pemphigus Autoimmunity: Hypotheses and Realities","volume":"45","author":"Grando","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12513454","article-title":"Production Of Epidermal Acantholysis In Normal Human Skin In Vitro By The Igg Fraction From Pemphigus Serum","volume":"67","author":"Schiltz","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12277362","article-title":"Brazilian Pemphigus Foliaceus Autoantibodies Are Pathogenic to BALB\/c Mice by Passive Transfer","volume":"85","author":"Roscoe","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198205203062001","article-title":"Induction of Pemphigus in Neonatal Mice by Passive Transfer of IgG from Patients with the Disease","volume":"306","author":"Anhalt","year":"1982","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-002-0366-3","article-title":"Recent Advances in the Study of the Pathophysiology of Pemphigus","volume":"295","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00692","article-title":"Autoantibody Signaling in Pemphigus Vulgaris: Development of an Integrated Model","volume":"9","author":"Sajda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.22426.x","article-title":"IgG Binds to Desmoglein 3 in Desmosomes and Causes a Desmosomal Split Without Keratin Retraction in a Pemphigus Mouse Model","volume":"122","author":"Shimizu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.3.1825","article-title":"Pemphigus Vulgaris IgG Directly Inhibit Desmoglein 3-Mediated Transinteraction","volume":"181","author":"Heupel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200605125","article-title":"Inhibition of Rho A Activity Causes Pemphigus Skin Blistering","volume":"175","author":"Waschke","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12319948","article-title":"Pharmacologic Evidence for Involvement of Phospholiphase C in Pemphigus IgG-Induced Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Generation, Intracellular Calcium Increase, and Plasminogen Activator Secretion in DJM-1 Cells, a Squamous Cell Carcinoma Line","volume":"105","author":"Esaki","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23778","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M501365200","article-title":"Desmosome Signaling","volume":"280","author":"Berkowitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12524","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M808204200","article-title":"Biphasic Activation of P38MAPK Suggests That Apoptosis Is a Downstream Event in Pemphigus Acantholysis","volume":"284","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3298","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601224","article-title":"Pemphigus Vulgaris Identifies Plakoglobin as Key Suppressor of C-Myc in the Skin","volume":"25","author":"Williamson","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930600971836","article-title":"Apoptotic Mechanism in Pemphigus Autoimmunoglobulins-Induced Acantholysis--Possible Involvement of the EGF Receptor","volume":"39","author":"Raichenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199907)29:07<2233::AID-IMMU2233>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"A Pathogenic Autoantibody, Pemphigus Vulgaris-IgG, Induces Phosphorylation of Desmoglein 3, and Its Dissociation from Plakoglobin in Cultured Keratinocytes","volume":"29","author":"Aoyama","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2007.05.005","article-title":"Beyond Steric Hindrance: The Role of Adhesion Signaling Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Pemphigus","volume":"48","author":"Sharma","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16916","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.472100","article-title":"Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Damage in Keratinocytes by Pemphigus Vulgaris Antibodies","volume":"288","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17026","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.26","article-title":"Pemphigus","volume":"3","author":"Kasperkiewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)61239-4","article-title":"Novel Mechanisms of Target Cell Death and Survival and of Therapeutic Action of IVIg in Pemphigus","volume":"167","author":"Arredondo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30070-3","article-title":"First-Line Rituximab Combined with Short-Term Prednisone versus Prednisone Alone for the Treatment of Pemphigus (Ritux 3): A Prospective, Multicentre, Parallel-Group, Open-Label Randomised Trial","volume":"389","author":"Joly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66829-8","article-title":"Pemphigus","volume":"366","author":"Bystryn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12612836","article-title":"Comparative Epidemiology of Pemphigus in Tunisia and France: Unusual Incidence of Pemphigus Foliaceus in Young Tunisian Women","volume":"104","author":"Souissi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2009.10.009","article-title":"Geoepidemiologic Considerations of Auto-Immune Pemphigus","volume":"9","author":"Meyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-014-1531-1","article-title":"Geographic Variations in Epidemiology of Two Autoimmune Bullous Diseases: Pemphigus and Bullous Pemphigoid","volume":"307","author":"Alpsoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/0738-081X(83)90021-4","article-title":"Brazilian Pemphigus Foliaceus","volume":"1","author":"Castro","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"51","article-title":"Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus over a Century: Part I","volume":"2","author":"Howard","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.09.041","article-title":"Chronic Methyl Mercury Poisoning May Trigger Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus \u201cFogo Selvagem","volume":"78","author":"Robledo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12298213","article-title":"An Active Focus of High Prevalence of Fogo Selvagem on an Amerindian Reservation in Brazil. Cooperative Group on Fogo Selvagem Research","volume":"107","author":"Katayama","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2013.01.004","article-title":"Pemphigus: Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Inducing or Triggering Factors: Facts and Controversies","volume":"31","author":"Ruocco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(89)70079-7","article-title":"Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus (Fogo Selvagem). I. Clinical Features and Immunopathology","volume":"20","author":"Diaz","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190369","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0369","article-title":"Beyond the HLA Polymorphism: A Complex Pattern of Genetic Susceptibility to Pemphigus","volume":"43","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02416","article-title":"Condemned or Not to Die? Gene Polymorphisms Associated With Cell Death in Pemphigus Foliaceus","volume":"10","author":"Cipolla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12456932","article-title":"Environmental Risk Factors in Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus (Fogo Selvagem). \u201cThe Cooperative Group on Fogo Selvagem Research\u201d","volume":"98","author":"Lombardi","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.09.015","article-title":"Insights into the Epidemiological Link between Biting Flies and Pemphigus Foliaceus in Southeastern Brazil","volume":"176","author":"Vernal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200842","article-title":"Cutting Edge: Brazilian Pemphigus Foliaceus Anti-Desmoglein 1 Autoantibodies Cross-React with Sand Fly Salivary LJM11 Antigen","volume":"189","author":"Qian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5123\/S2176-62232014000200007","article-title":"P\u00eanfigo Foli\u00e1ceo End\u00eamico (Fogo Selvagem) Em Ind\u00edgena Yanomami No Munic\u00edpio de S\u00e3o Gabriel Da Cachoeira, Estado Do Amazonas, Brasil","volume":"5","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Pan-Amaz. Sa\u00fade"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.104891","article-title":"UVB-Induced Acantholysis in Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus (Fogo Selvagem) and Pemphigus Vulgaris","volume":"42","author":"Reis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12695334","article-title":"Antigenic Specificity of Fogo Selvagem Autoantibodies Is Similar to North American Pemphigus Foliaceus and Distinct from Pemphigus Vulgaris Autoantibodies","volume":"87","author":"Stanley","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5701121","article-title":"The IgM Anti-Desmoglein 1 Response Distinguishes Brazilian Pemphigus Foliaceus (Fogo Selvagem) from Other Forms of Pemphigus","volume":"128","author":"Diaz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.403","article-title":"Cooperative Group on Fogo Selvagem Research IgE, IgM, and IgG4 Anti-Desmoglein 1 Autoantibody Profile in Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus (Fogo Selvagem)","volume":"131","author":"Qian","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.430","article-title":"IgE Anti-LJM11 Sand Fly Salivary Antigen May Herald the Onset of Fogo Selvagem in Endemic Brazilian Regions","volume":"135","author":"Qian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12611868","article-title":"Pregnant Women with Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus (Fogo Selvagem) Give Birth to Disease-Free Babies","volume":"99","author":"Friedman","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1995.01690180112024","article-title":"Combined Features of Pemphigus Foliaceus and Bullous Pemphigoid: Immunoblot and Immunoelectron Microscopic Studies","volume":"131","author":"Ishiko","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.2001.00877.x","article-title":"Thyroid Gland Tumour, Pemphigus Foliaceus and Myasthenia Gravis in the Daughter of a Woman with Myasthenia Gravis","volume":"26","author":"Huh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.11.022","article-title":"Association of Pemphigus and Bullous Pemphigoid with Thyroid Autoimmunity in Caucasian Patients","volume":"68","author":"Ameri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13433","article-title":"Identification of a New Disease Cluster of Pemphigus Vulgaris with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis and Type I Diabetes","volume":"172","author":"Parameswaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-003-0412-9","article-title":"Prevalence of Autoantibodies in Patients with Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus (Fogo Selvagem)","volume":"295","author":"Nisihara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2014.09.003","article-title":"A Blistering Response: Concurrent Psoriasis and Pemphigus Foliaceus","volume":"128","author":"Kurtzman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liebman, T.N., Lieberman, M.R., and Burris, K. (2016). Pemphigus Foliaceus Exacerbated by Radiation, in Association with Myasthenia Gravis. Dermatol. Online J., 22.","DOI":"10.5070\/D3223030361"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12179","article-title":"Estimation of Vitamin D Levels in Patients with Pemphigus Vulgaris","volume":"28","author":"Samir","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2009.01.011","article-title":"Apoptosis in Pemphigus","volume":"8","author":"Schmidt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/456841","article-title":"Apoptotic Pathways in Pemphigus","volume":"2010","author":"Bektas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dermatol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.2174\/138920112802273236","article-title":"Apoptotic Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Pemphigus: Targets for New Therapies","volume":"13","author":"Lotti","year":"2012","journal-title":"CPB"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230701320337","article-title":"Apoptosis: A Review of Programmed Cell Death","volume":"35","author":"Elmore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-017-0012-4","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Cell Death: Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018","volume":"25","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00370","article-title":"Soluble Fas Ligand Is Essential for Blister Formation in Pemphigus","volume":"9","author":"Lotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1007\/s004030050347","article-title":"Relationship between Keratinocyte Adhesion and Death: Anoikis in Acantholytic Diseases","volume":"290","author":"Gniadecki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.60","article-title":"No Evidence of Apoptotic Cells in Pemphigus Acantholysis","volume":"134","author":"Janse","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C162","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00161.2008","article-title":"Apoptosis Is Not Required for Acantholysis in Pemphigus Vulgaris","volume":"296","author":"Schmidt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.5858\/133.1.97","article-title":"In Situ Detection of Inflammatory Cytokines and Apoptosis in Pemphigus Foliaceus Patients","volume":"133","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2015.109","article-title":"Large-Scale Electron Microscopy Maps of Patient Skin and Mucosa Provide Insight into Pathogenesis of Blistering Diseases","volume":"135","author":"Sokol","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7301.1536","article-title":"What Is Apoptosis, and Why Is It Important?","volume":"322","author":"Renehan","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luyet, C., Schulze, K., Sayar, B.S., Howald, D., M\u00fcller, E.J., and Galichet, A. (2015). Preclinical Studies Identify Non-Apoptotic Low-Level Caspase-3 as Therapeutic Target in Pemphigus Vulgaris. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119809"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3614","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M508258200","article-title":"The Differentiation-Dependent Desmosomal Cadherin Desmoglein 1 Is a Novel Caspase-3 Target That Regulates Apoptosis in Keratinocytes","volume":"281","author":"Dusek","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41175","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M105769200","article-title":"The Fate of Desmosomal Proteins in Apoptotic Cells","volume":"276","author":"Weiske","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.4.2.1508","article-title":"Overview of Cell Death Signaling Pathways","volume":"4","author":"Jin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.09.006","article-title":"The Diversification of Cell Death and Immunity: Memento Mori","volume":"76","author":"Legrand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2012.10.013","article-title":"Polymorphisms of HLA Microsatellite Marker in Tunisian Pemphigus Foliaceus","volume":"74","author":"Abida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"220","article-title":"Anti-Intercellular Substance Antibody Log Titres Are Correlated with Serum Concentrations of Interleukin-6, Interleukin-15 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Patients with Pemphigus Vulgaris Relationships with Peripheral Blood Neutrophil Counts, Disease Severity and Duration and Patients\u2019 Age","volume":"13","author":"Ameglio","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1158","article-title":"Sequential Occurrence of Pemphigus Vulgaris and Palmoplantar Pustulosis: Possible Role of Cytokine Profile","volume":"92","author":"Asahina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venerol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.05919.x","article-title":"Pemphigus Serum and Captopril Induce Heat Shock Protein 70 and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Overexpression, Triggering Apoptosis in Human Keratinocytes","volume":"150","author":"Baroni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23826","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.668061","article-title":"Critical Role of the Neonatal Fc Receptor (FcRn) in the Pathogenic Action of Antimitochondrial Autoantibodies Synergizing with Anti-Desmoglein Autoantibodies in Pemphigus Vulgaris","volume":"290","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.04.046","article-title":"Pemphigus Vulgaris Antibodies Target the Mitochondrial Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors That Protect Keratinocytes from Apoptolysis","volume":"29","author":"Chernyavsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4520","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.006743","article-title":"Synergy among Non-Desmoglein Antibodies Contributes to the Immunopathology of Desmoglein Antibody\u2013Negative Pemphigus Vulgaris","volume":"294","author":"Chernyavsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2011.1508","article-title":"Pemphigus Vulgaris: Accumulation of Apoptotic Cells in Dermis and Epidermis Possibly Relates to Pathophysiology through TNF-Alpha Production by Phagocytes","volume":"21","author":"Becker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-012-9679-y","article-title":"Glucocorticoid Sensitivity and Proinflammatory Cytokines Pattern in Pemphigus","volume":"32","author":"Chriguer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20164598","article-title":"Detection of Apoptosis in Pemphigus Vulgaris by TUNEL Technique","volume":"91","year":"2016","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"383","article-title":"Cytokines in the Sera of Patients with Pemphigus Vulgaris: Interleukin-6 and Tumour Necrosis Factor-Alpha Levels Are Significantly Increased as Compared to Healthy Subjects and Correlate with Disease Activity","volume":"8","author":"Bonifati","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. Cytokine Netw."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12022","article-title":"Study of Apoptosis in Oral Pemphigus Vulgaris Using Immunohistochemical Marker Bax and TUNEL Technique","volume":"42","author":"Deyhimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Oral. Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2013.44","article-title":"Genome-Wide Expression Analysis Suggests Unique Disease-Promoting and Disease-Preventing Signatures in Pemphigus Vulgaris","volume":"14","author":"Sinha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-004-0528-6","article-title":"Cytokine Polymorphisms in Patients with Pemphigus","volume":"296","author":"Eberhard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1177\/120347549900300306","article-title":"In Vitro C3 MRNA Expression in Pemphigus Vulgaris: Complement Activation Is Increased by IL-1alpha and TNF-Alpha","volume":"3","author":"Feliciani","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00835.x","article-title":"In Vitro and in Vivo Expression of Interleukin-1alpha and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha MRNA in Pemphigus Vulgaris: Interleukin-1alpha and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Are Involved in Acantholysis","volume":"114","author":"Feliciani","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1313.040","article-title":"The Interaction of Pemphigus Autoimmunoglobulins with Epidermal Cells: Activation of the Fas Apoptotic Pathway and the Use of Caspase Activity for Pathogenicity Tests of Pemphigus Patients","volume":"1050","author":"Pergamentz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2012.01441.x","article-title":"Inhibition of FAK Prevents Blister Formation in the Neonatal Mouse Model of Pemphigus Vulgaris: FAK in Pemphigus Vulgaris","volume":"21","author":"Gil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2009.03260.x","article-title":"TNF-\u00ce\u00b1 and IL-10 Gene Polymorphisms Show a Weak Association with Pemphigus Vulgaris in the Slovak Population: TNF-\u00ce\u00b1 and IL-10 Gene Polymorphisms in Pemphigus Vulgaris","volume":"24","author":"Javor","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1610","article-title":"Evaluation of Interleukin-1\u03b1, Interleukin-10, Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 and Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b2 in the Serum of Patients with Pemphigus Vulgaris","volume":"15","author":"Khozeimeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-313X.2006.00585.x","article-title":"No Evidence for Association of the TP53 12139 and the BAX-248 Polymorphisms with Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus (Fogo Selvagem)","volume":"33","author":"Kohler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunogenet."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.10084.x","article-title":"Deregulation of PERK in the Autoimmune Disease Pemphigus Vulgaris Occurs via IgG-Independent Mechanisms: Deregulation of PERK in PV","volume":"164","author":"Lanza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.1.711","article-title":"Involvement of the Apoptotic Mechanisms in Pemphigus Foliaceus Autoimmune Injury of the Skin","volume":"182","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.05.112","article-title":"Naringenin Protects Keratinocytes from Oxidative Stress Injury via Inhibition of the NOD2-Mediated NF-\u039aB Pathway in Pemphigus Vulgaris","volume":"92","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2001.01083.x","article-title":"TNFalpha and IL-6 Are Mediators in the Blistering Process of Pemphigus","volume":"40","author":"Villalobos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12315","article-title":"Genome-Wide Gene Expression Profiling Reveals Unsuspected Molecular Alterations in Pemphigus Foliaceus","volume":"143","author":"Malheiros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3695","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.081570","article-title":"Antimitochondrial Autoantibodies in Pemphigus Vulgaris","volume":"285","author":"Marchenko","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"200","article-title":"Soluble Fas in Pemphigus Vulgaris","volume":"14","author":"Moravvej","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Iran. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2012.02.001","article-title":"Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 -308 G>A and Interleukin-6 -174 G>C Promoter Polymorphisms and Pemphigus","volume":"73","author":"Mosaad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/875394","article-title":"Serum Concentration of Interleukin-6 Is Increased Both in Active and Remission Stages of Pemphigus Vulgaris","volume":"2008","author":"Narbutt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M309000200","article-title":"Pemphigus Vulgaris IgG and Methylprednisolone Exhibit Reciprocal Effects on Keratinocytes","volume":"279","author":"Nguyen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930600971729","article-title":"Synergistic Actions of Pemphigus Vulgaris IgG, Fas-Ligand and Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 during Induction of Basal Cell Shrinkage and Acantholysis","volume":"39","author":"Orlov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2009.03162.x","article-title":"The Final Destiny of Acantholytic Cells in Pemphigus Is Fas Mediated","volume":"23","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.00893.x","article-title":"An Imbalance in Akt\/MTOR Is Involved in the Apoptotic and Acantholytic Processes in a Mouse Model of Pemphigus Vulgaris","volume":"18","author":"Pretel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12014.x","article-title":"Fas Ligand in Pemphigus Sera Induces Keratinocyte Apoptosis through the Activation of Caspase-8","volume":"120","author":"Puviani","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"189","article-title":"Stress and Serum TNF-Alpha Levels May Predict Disease Outcome in Patients with Pemphigus: A Preliminary Study","volume":"87","author":"Ragab","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1988-0","article-title":"The Desmosomal Cadherin Desmoglein-3 Acts as a Keratinocyte Anti-Stress Protein via Suppression of P53","volume":"10","author":"Rehman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.10.5.741-743.2003","article-title":"High Levels of Interleukin-1 in Patients with Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus","volume":"10","author":"Paschoini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0039.2003.00115.x","article-title":"Polymorphisms within the Tumor Necrosis Factor and Lymphotoxin-Alpha Genes and Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus - Are There Any Associations?: Roxo et al: Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus and TNF and LTA Gene Polymorphisms","volume":"62","author":"Roxo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.46","article-title":"Population-Specific Association between a Polymorphic Variant in ST18, Encoding a Pro-Apoptotic Molecule, and Pemphigus Vulgaris","volume":"132","author":"Sarig","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12394858","article-title":"Expression of Fas Antigen on Keratinocytes In Vivo and Induction of Apoptosis in Cultured Keratinocytes","volume":"103","author":"Sayama","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seiffert-Sinha, K., Yang, R., Fung, C.K., Lai, K.W., Patterson, K.C., Payne, A.S., Xi, N., and Sinha, A.A. (2014). Nanorobotic Investigation Identifies Novel Visual, Structural and Functional Correlates of Autoimmune Pathology in a Blistering Skin Disease Model. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106895"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-014-0023-y","article-title":"Elevated Expression of NLRP1 and IPAF Are Related to Oral Pemphigus Vulgaris Pathogenesis","volume":"38","author":"Shamsabadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12518278","article-title":"Methylprednisolone Inhibits Pemphigus Acantholysis in Skin Cultures","volume":"81","author":"Swanson","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7151285","article-title":"Th1\/Th17-Related Cytokines and Chemokines and Their Implications in the Pathogenesis of Pemphigus Vulgaris","volume":"2017","author":"Timoteo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.184","article-title":"Serum Levels of Inhibitors of Apoptotic Proteins (IAPs) Change with IVIg Therapy in Pemphigus","volume":"131","author":"Toosi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/09629350310001619735","article-title":"Tumour Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 Polymorphism as One of the Complex Inherited Factors in Pemphigus","volume":"12","author":"Torzecka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1023\/B:APPT.0000018795.05766.1f","article-title":"Possible Apoptotic Mechanism in Epidermal Cell Acantholysis Induced by Pemphigus Vulgaris Autoimmunoglobulins","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2004.04.083","article-title":"Replicative Senescence Enhances Apoptosis Induced by Pemphigus Autoimmune Antibodies in Human Keratinocytes","volume":"567","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-003-0434-3","article-title":"Apoptosis and P63 Expression in the Pathogenesis of Bullous Lesions of Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus","volume":"295","author":"Zuccolotto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0029(20000801)50:3<216::AID-JEMT5>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"TNF-Alpha Gene Polymorphism: Clinical and Biological Implications","volume":"50","author":"Hajeer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155026","article-title":"Pathogenic and Protective Roles of Cytokines in Pemphigus: A Systematic Review","volume":"129","author":"Tavakolpour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, B.-B., Liu, X.-Z., Sun, J., Yin, Y.-W., and Sun, Q.-Q. (2013). Association between TNF \u03b1 Gene Polymorphisms and the Risk of Duodenal Ulcer: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057167"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-811X-11-84","article-title":"A Systems Biology Approach to Suppress TNF-Induced Proinflammatory Gene Expressions","volume":"11","author":"Hayashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/8.8.1443","article-title":"A Common Functional Polymorphism (C-->A Substitution at Position -863) in the Promoter Region of the Tumour Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-Alpha) Gene Associated with Reduced Circulating Levels of TNF-Alpha","volume":"8","author":"Skoog","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiss-Toth, E., Harlock, E., Lath, D., Quertermous, T., and Wilkinson, J.M. (2013). A TNF Variant That Associates with Susceptibility to Musculoskeletal Disease Modulates Thyroid Hormone Receptor Binding to Control Promoter Activation. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076034"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00469","article-title":"Relationship Between Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 Rs361525 Polymorphism and Gastric Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/35037728","article-title":"CD95\u2019s Deadly Mission in the Immune System","volume":"407","author":"Krammer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2017.04.016","article-title":"EGFR-Mediated Apoptosis via STAT3","volume":"356","author":"Jackson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2011.158","article-title":"BCL2A1: The Underdog in the BCL2 Family","volume":"19","author":"Vogler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.08.012","article-title":"Inhibition of Epithelial Cell Death by Bcl-2 Improved Chronic Colitis in IL-10 KO Mice","volume":"183","author":"Mizushima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2012.74","article-title":"PERK Is Required at the ER-Mitochondrial Contact Sites to Convey Apoptosis after ROS-Based ER Stress","volume":"19","author":"Verfaillie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2015.00262","article-title":"NLRP3 Inflammasome and Its Inhibitors: A Review","volume":"6","author":"Shao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.05.020","article-title":"Caspases in Cell Death, Inflammation, and Disease","volume":"50","author":"Lamkanfi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore, C.L., Savenka, A.V., and Basnakian, A.G. (2021). TUNEL Assay: A Powerful Tool for Kidney Injury Evaluation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010412"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-811X-8-31","article-title":"PARP-1 Cleavage Fragments: Signatures of Cell-Death Proteases in Neurodegeneration","volume":"8","author":"Chaitanya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-007-0356-9","article-title":"Morphological and Cytochemical Determination of Cell Death by Apoptosis","volume":"129","author":"Taatjes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.00934.x","article-title":"Apoptolysis: A Novel Mechanism of Skin Blistering in Pemphigus Vulgaris Linking the Apoptotic Pathways to Basal Cell Shrinkage and Suprabasal Acantholysis","volume":"18","author":"Grando","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan-a Web and Mobile App for Systematic Reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/12\/3\/329\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:25:09Z","timestamp":1760135109000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/12\/3\/329"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["life12030329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life12030329","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]}}}