{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T22:45:40Z","timestamp":1784673940238,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Health CURE fund","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018268","name":"Children's Miracle Network","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression playing a key role in organogenesis. MiRNAs are studied in tracheal aspirates (TA) of preterm infants. However; this is difficult to obtain in infants who are not intubated. This study examines early salivary miRNA expression as non-invasive early biomarkers in extremely low gestational age newborns (ELGANs). Methods: Saliva was collected using DNA-genotek swabs, miRNAs were analyzed using RNA seq and RT PCR arrays. Salivary miRNA expression was compared to TA using RNA seq at 3 days of age, and longitudinal changes at 28 days of age were analyzed using RT PCR arrays in ELGANs. Results: Approximately 822 ng of RNA was extracted from saliva of 7 ELGANs; Of the 757 miRNAs isolated, 161 miRNAs had significant correlation in saliva and TA at 3 days of age (r = 0.97). Longitudinal miRNA analysis showed 29 miRNAs downregulated and 394 miRNAs upregulated at 28 days compared to 3 days of age (adjusted p &lt; 0.1). Bioinformatic analysis (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis) of differentially expressed miRNAs identified organismal injury and abnormalities and cellular development as the top physiological system development and cellular function. Conclusion: Salivary miRNA expression are source for early biomarkers of underlying pathophysiology in ELGANs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12040506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T21:28:39Z","timestamp":1648675719000},"page":"506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Early Salivary miRNA Expression in Extreme Low Gestational Age Newborns"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9184-3908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roopa","family":"Siddaiah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Health Children\u2019s Hospital, Hershey, PA 17036, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Emery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Penn State Health College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17036, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Health Children\u2019s Hospital, Hershey, PA 17036, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Donnelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Therapy Penn State Health Children\u2019s Hospital, Hershey, PA 17036, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Erkinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Therapy Penn State Health Children\u2019s Hospital, Hershey, PA 17036, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Wisecup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Health Children\u2019s Hospital, Hershey, PA 17036, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9579-6798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven D.","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Health Children\u2019s Hospital, Hershey, PA 17036, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuka Imamura","family":"Kawasawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State Health College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17036, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiana","family":"Oji-Mmuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Health Children\u2019s Hospital, Hershey, PA 17036, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaili","family":"Amatya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Health Children\u2019s Hospital, Hershey, PA 17036, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7083-8915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Silveyra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1397344","article-title":"Overview of MicroRNA biology","volume":"35","author":"Mohr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. 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