{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T15:39:45Z","timestamp":1791214785635,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012550","name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology","award":["\u00daNKP-20-4-I."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00daNKP-20-4-I."]}]},{"name":"Establishment of National Laboratories 2020","award":["National Laboratory on Human Reproduction"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["National Laboratory on Human Reproduction"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breastfeeding is widely supported in clinical and home practices, and it is known that different forms of infant feeding differ in hormone content. Thyroid hormones have essential physiological roles. In our study, we examined thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine, and albumin levels in breast milk produced for term (n = 16) or preterm (n = 15) infants throughout the first 6 months of lactation. Moreover, we analyzed these components in donor human milk and in three different infant formulas. Term and preterm breast milk samples were collected monthly. The two groups had similar levels of TSH (18.4 \u00b1 1.4 vs. 24.7 \u00b1 2.9 nU\/L), but term milk contained higher amounts of thyroxine (11,245.5 \u00b1 73.8 vs. 671.6 \u00b1 61.2 nmol\/L) during the examination period. The albumin level was significantly higher in preterm breast milk than in term breast milk (328.6 \u00b1 17.1 vs. 264.2 \u00b1 6.8 mg\/L). In preterm breast milk we detected downward trends in the levels of TSH (\u221230.2%) and thyroxine (\u221229.2%) in the 3rd through 6th month compared to the first 2 months of lactation. Microbiological safety of donor milk was ensured by Holder pasteurization (HoP). From the Breast Milk Collection Center of P\u00e9cs, Hungary, we enrolled 44 donor mothers into the study. HoP decreased TSH (\u221273.8%), thyroxine (\u221222.4%), and albumin (\u221220.9%) concentrations. Infant formulas used by the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the University of P\u00e9cs were found to not contain the investigated hormones, but their albumin levels were similar to the breast milk samples. The present study shows the lack of thyroid hormones in infant formulas compared to human milk and raises the question of whether formula-fed infants should be supplemented with thyroid hormones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12040584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T04:21:28Z","timestamp":1650255688000},"page":"584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Thyroxine and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone in Own Mother\u2019s Milk, Donor Milk, and Infant Formula"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"R\u00e9ka A.","family":"Vass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of P\u00e9cs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory for Human Reproduction, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of P\u00e9cs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward F.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attila","family":"Miseta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of P\u00e9cs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f3zsef","family":"B\u00f3dis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of P\u00e9cs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory for Human Reproduction, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Funke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of P\u00e9cs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory for Human Reproduction, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szilvia","family":"Bokor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory for Human Reproduction, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of P\u00e9cs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3675-7019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e9nes","family":"Moln\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory for Human Reproduction, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of P\u00e9cs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bal\u00e1zs","family":"K\u00f3sa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interior, Applied and Creative Design, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna A.","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of P\u00e9cs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timea","family":"Tak\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of P\u00e9cs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fl\u00f3ra","family":"Dombai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of P\u00e9cs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tibor","family":"Ertl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of P\u00e9cs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory for Human Reproduction, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2012.10.002","article-title":"Human milk composition: Nutrients and bioactive factors","volume":"60","author":"Ballard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatric Clin. 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