{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T03:01:47Z","timestamp":1760151707038,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Medical history taking, otoscopy, tympanometry, and audiometry are clinical methods to diagnose middle ear effusion (MEE); however, these procedures are experience-dependent and result in misdiagnosis under unfavorable conditions of the external auditory canal in non-cooperative young children. This study aimed to explore the use of transmastoid ultrasound combined with the Nakagami parameter analysis to detect MEE in children aged 3\u20135 years and to compare the proposed method with clinical evaluation methods. A total of forty subjects were enrolled; for each subject, a single-element ultrasound transducer of 2.25 MHz was used to measure backscattered signals returned from the mastoid for estimating the Nakagami parameter, which is a measure of the echo amplitude distribution. Tympanogram and hearing loss were also measured for comparisons. The results showed that the Nakagami parameter in the patients with MEE was significantly larger than that of the normal group (p &lt; 0.05). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for using the Nakagami parameter to detect MEE was 0.90, and the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 82.5%, 97.5%, and 79.6%, respectively. The Nakagami parameter for tympanogram types B\/C was higher than that for tympanogram type A (p &lt; 0.05); it was also higher in the subjects with hearing loss (p &lt; 0.05). Quantitative transmastoid ultrasound based on the Nakagami parameter analysis has the potential to detect MEE and evaluate hearing loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12040599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T22:04:02Z","timestamp":1650319442000},"page":"599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Transmastoid Ultrasound Detection of Middle Ear Effusion and Its Association with Clinical Audiometric Tests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8176-128X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chin-Kuo","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Enhancement Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital,\r\nKeelung 204201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3039-996X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung-Liang","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Chun","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104217, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Audiology and Speech Language Pathology, Mackay Medical College, Taipei 104217, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Po-Hsiang","family":"Tsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00272-3","article-title":"Treatment of acute otitis media\u2014Challenges in the era of antibiotic resistance","volume":"19","author":"Dagan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Danishyar, A., and Ashurst, J.V. 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