{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T12:44:15Z","timestamp":1780663455681,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-R1C1C1004986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-R1C1C1004986"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002632","name":"Hallym University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HURF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HURF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has been suggested to have adverse impacts on psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to investigate the changes in medical visits due to a wide range of psychiatric disorders in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. The medical visits of all Korean children and adolescents (0\u201319 years old) due to the 12 following psychiatric disorders were investigated: autism; attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); depressive disorder; bipolar disorder; primary insomnia; schizophrenia; panic disorder; hypochondriasis; posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); anxiety disorder; anorexia nervosa; and adephagia. The mean medical visits before and during the COVID-19 pandemic were compared. The mean number of clinical visits due to autism, ADHD, depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, panic disorder, hypochondriasis, PTSD, anxiety disorder, and anorexia nervosa was higher during the COVID-19 pandemic than before the COVID-19 pandemic (all p &lt; 0.05). The higher mean number of medical visits due to psychiatric disorders was maintained in age and sex subgroups. The female and adolescent groups demonstrated a higher mean number of medical visits due to psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. The medical visits due to many psychiatric disorders were higher during the COVID-19 pandemic than before COVID-19 in children and adolescents in Korea. Women and adolescents were more susceptible to psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12040600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T22:04:02Z","timestamp":1650319442000},"page":"600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Changes in the Mean of Medical Visits Due to Psychiatric Disease in Korean Children and Adolescents before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7361-4930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"So Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na-Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hallym Data Science Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2511-5536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dae Myoung","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hallym Data Science Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6937-8093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi Jung","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joo-Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woo Jin","family":"Bang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1655-9549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyo Geun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hallym Data Science Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.05.035","article-title":"Psychosocial Impact of COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Dubey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.21053\/ceo.2020.00570","article-title":"The Clinical Manifestations and Chest Computed Tomography Findings of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Patients in China: A Proportion Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30109-7","article-title":"Mental Health Effects of School Closures During COVID-19","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4946.20.05887-9","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on Children: Special Focus on the Psychosocial Aspect","volume":"72","author":"Ghosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, K., Xie, X., Liu, Q., Meng, H., and Song, R. (2022). Internet Addiction: Prevalence and Relationship with Academic Burnout Among Undergraduates During Widespread Online Learning. Perspect. Psychiatr. Care, online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1111\/ppc.13060"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30097-3","article-title":"Protecting the Psychological Health of Children through Effective Communication about COVID-19","volume":"4","author":"Dalton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0825-3","article-title":"Trauma, PTSD, and the Developing Brain","volume":"19","author":"Herringa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2021.05.003","article-title":"Mental Health Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children and Adolescents","volume":"68","author":"Meade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meherali, S., Punjani, N., Louie-Poon, S., Rahim, K.A., Das, J., Salam, R., and Lassi, Z. (2021). Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202103.0149.v1"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2136137","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.36137","article-title":"Comparison of Stress and Suicide-Related Behaviors Among Korean Youths Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11713","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91299-9","article-title":"Effects of Covid-19 Confinement on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in Spain","volume":"11","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"401","article-title":"A New Nonparametric Levene Test for Equal Variances","volume":"31","author":"Nordstokke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psicol\u00f3gica"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.10.016","article-title":"Mental Health and Its Correlates Among Children and Adolescents During COVID-19 School Closure: The Importance of Parent-Child Discussion","volume":"279","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fmaa122","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmaa122","article-title":"Psychological and Behavioral Impact of Lockdown and Quarantine Measures for COVID-19 Pandemic on Children, Adolescents and Caregivers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"67","author":"Panda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.Y., Ro, Y.S., Jeong, J., Shin, S.D., and Moon, S. (2022). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Incidence and Characteristics of Patients with Psychiatric Illnesses Visiting Emergency Departments in Korea. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030488"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colizzi, M., Sironi, E., Antonini, F., Ciceri, M.L., Bovo, C., and Zoccante, L. (2020). Psychosocial and Behavioral Impact of COVID-19 in Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Online Parent Survey. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10060341"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-021-00699-z","article-title":"Influences of Digital Media Use on Children and Adolescents with ADHD During COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"17","author":"Shuai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.06.029","article-title":"An Investigation of Mental Health Status of Children and Adolescents in China During the Outbreak of COVID-19","volume":"275","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa051","article-title":"The COVID-19 Global Pandemic: Implications for People with Schizophrenia and Related Disorders","volume":"46","author":"Kozloff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correll, C.U., Chepke, C., Gionfriddo, P., Parks, J., Foxworth, P., Basu, A., Brister, T.S., Brown, D., Clarke, C., and Hassoun, Y. (2022). The Post COVID-19 Healthcare Landscape and the Use of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics for Individuals with Schizophrenia and Bipolar I Disorder: The Importance of an Integrated Collaborative-Care Approach. BMC Psychiatry, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-03685-w"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.2274","article-title":"Association Between Mental Health Disorders and Mortality Among Patients With COVID-19 in 7 Countries","volume":"78","author":"Fond","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1111\/ppc.12824","article-title":"From Predictions to Evidence: Treatment Compliance, Disease Progression and Social Compliance of Patients with Schizophrenia in the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"57","author":"Kahve","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychiatr. Care"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901407","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2021.1901407","article-title":"Age-Related Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health of Children and Adolescents","volume":"12","author":"Schmidt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.21053\/ceo.2020.00612","article-title":"Does the Clinical Spectrum of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Show Regional Differences?","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurisu, K., Matsuoka, M., Sato, K., Hattori, A., Yamanaka, Y., Nohara, N., Otani, M., and Yoshiuchi, K. (2021). Increased Prevalence of Eating Disorders in Japan since the Start of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Eat. Weight Disord. Stud. Anorexia Bulim. Obes., 1\u20135. online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-021-01339-6"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.07.033","article-title":"Infectious Disease Outbreak Related Stigma and Discrimination During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Drivers, Facilitators, Manifestations, and Outcomes across the World","volume":"89","author":"Ransing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s40737-020-00203-7","article-title":"Effect of COVID-19 on Mental Health Rehabilitation Centers","volume":"8","author":"Aamir","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychosoc. Rehabil. Ment. Health"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/12\/4\/600\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:56:00Z","timestamp":1760136960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/12\/4\/600"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["life12040600"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life12040600","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]}}}