{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T03:58:02Z","timestamp":1762055882790,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]],"date-time":"2022-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: To describe the imaging findings of COVID-19 and correlate them with their known pathology observations. Methods: This is an IRB-approved retrospective study performed at Columbia University Irving Medical Center (IRB # AAAS9652) that included symptomatic adult patients (21 years or older) who presented to our emergency room and tested positive for COVID-19 and were either admitted or discharged with at least one chest CT from 11 March 2020 through 1 July 2020. CT scans were ordered by the physicians caring for the patients; our COVID-19 care protocols did not specify the timing for chest CT scans. A scoring system was used to document the extent of pulmonary involvement. The total CT grade was the sum of the individual lobar grades and ranged from 0 (no involvement) to 16 (maximum involvement). The distribution of lung abnormalities was described as peripheral (involving the outer one-third of the lung), central (inner two-thirds of the lung), or both. Additional CT findings, including the presence of pleural fluid, atelectasis, fibrosis, cysts, and pneumothorax, were recorded. Contrast-enhanced CT scans were evaluated for the presence of a pulmonary embolism, while non-contrast chest CT scans were evaluated for hyperdense vessels. Results: 209 patients with 232 CT scans met the inclusion criteria. The average age was 61 years (range 23\u201397 years), and 56% of the patients were male. The average score reflecting the extent of the disease on the CT was 10.2 (out of a potential grade of 16). Further, 73% of the patients received contrast, which allowed the identification of a pulmonary embolism in 21%. Of those without contrast, 33% had hyperdense vessels, which might suggest a chronic pulmonary embolism. Further, 47% had peripheral opacities and 9% had a Hampton\u2019s hump, and 78% of the patients had central consolidation, while 28% had round consolidations. Atelectasis was, overall, infrequent at 5%. Fibrosis was observed in 11% of those studied, with 6% having cysts and 3% pneumothorax. Conclusions: The CT manifestations of COVID-19 can be divided into findings related to endothelial and epithelial injury, as were seen on prior post-mortem reports. Endothelial injury may benefit from treatments to stabilize the endothelium. Epithelial injury is more prone to developing pulmonary fibrotic changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12060855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T02:25:33Z","timestamp":1654827933000},"page":"855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["COVID-19 on Chest CT: Translating Known Microscopic Findings to Imaging Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Belinda","family":"Dsouza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6536-2673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Capaccione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9183-8754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aron","family":"Soleiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Leb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Salvatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2020200159","article-title":"Chest CT in COVID-19: What the Radiologist Needs to Know","volume":"40","author":"Kwee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06062-x","article-title":"High risk of thrombosis in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: A multicenter prospective cohort study","volume":"46","author":"Helms","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E335","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020201955","article-title":"Acute pulmonary embolism, and COVID-19","volume":"297","author":"Poyiadji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001365","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01365-2020","article-title":"Pulmonary embolism in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"56","author":"Bompard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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