{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T04:09:46Z","timestamp":1762056586006,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"KM Biological Co., Ltd."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is currently ongoing, and there have been significant efforts in the development of COVID-19 vaccines. However, the neutralizing antibody titers in vaccinated individuals are reported to progressively decrease over time. Japanese pharmaceutical companies have published the results of Phase I and II studies on the safety and efficacy of different vaccines. Final clinical trials will be conducted with the aim of practical application by March 2023. To effectively utilize vaccines developed by Japanese companies, the efficacy and safety of a booster dose (i.e., third vaccination) must be evaluated among individuals who have received three doses of different vaccines. Methods: This protocol describes a study that aims to examine the effect of a booster dose of \u201cKD-414\u201d, a novel Japanese inactivated vaccine, on antibody titers among participants involved in a previous study. Volunteers in this protocol will be recruited from participants in the previous study and immunized with KD-414 after obtaining consent. The antibody titers, before and after immunization with KD-414, among participants who previously received two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, will be comparatively analyzed. Discussion: The reactogenicity and immunogenicity of seven different COVID-19 vaccines including an inactivated vaccine as a third dose after two doses of ChAdOx1 nCov-19 or BNT162b2, has been tested previously, and found to be superior to control (quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine) regardless of which vaccine had been received during the initial course. This suggests that many types of third booster doses are efficacious. It is anticipated that this study will provide evidence of the safety and immunogenicity of KD-414 as a booster vaccine, which will have profound public health implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12070966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:07:02Z","timestamp":1656374822000},"page":"966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Protocol of an Exploratory Single-Arm Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of KD-414 as a Booster Vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 in Healthy Adults (KAPIVARA)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yuriko","family":"Terayama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0093-2540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noriko","family":"Tomita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junko","family":"Terada-Hirashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukari","family":"Uemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yosuke","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junko S.","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Takamatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9424-1491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenji","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayako","family":"Mikami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mugen","family":"Ujiie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"Sugiura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1924","article-title":"BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Mass Vaccination Setting","volume":"40","author":"Dagan","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. 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