{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T06:09:55Z","timestamp":1773295795555,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the therapeutic horizons of various cancers. However, immune-related adverse events have been reported, including interstitial lung diseases. Our aim was to describe the clinical and radiological features and survival of a multicentre cohort of patients who developed ICI-related lung toxicity. Methods: Six Italian centres were involved in the study. Patients who were treated with anti-PD-1\/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 mAbs and developed ICI-related lung toxicity were recruited retrospectively to study clinical, radiological, immunological and survival data. Results: A total of 41 patients (25 males, 66.8 \u00b1 9.9 years) were enrolled. Lung toxicity occurred after 204.3 \u00b1 208.3 days of therapy, with ground glass opacities being the most common HRCT pattern (23 cases). Male sex, lung cancer and acute respiratory failure were associated with a shorter latency of toxicity (p = 0.0030, p = 0.0245 and p = 0.0390, respectively). Patients who required high-flow oxygen therapy showed significantly worse survival (p = 0.0028). Conclusions: Our cohort showed heterogeneous clinical and radiological aspects of ICI-related lung toxicity, with a latency not limited to the first year of treatment. Severity was mainly mild to moderate, although life-threatening events did occur. Our data indicate that strict long-term follow-up is needed to enable early diagnosis and appropriate management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12081149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T02:06:42Z","timestamp":1659319602000},"page":"1149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Immune-Checkpoint-Inhibitor-Related Lung Toxicity: A Multicentre Real-Life Retrospective Portrait from Six Italian Centres"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8639-2882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Cameli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0360-1237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Faverio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Unit, University of Milan-Bicocca, S. Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katia","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Medicine Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viola","family":"Bonti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Medicine Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Marsili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6778-6894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Antonietta","family":"Mazzei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, Siena University Hospital, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Mazzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Bartolucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vieri","family":"Scotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8112-2936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Bertolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Modena University Hospital, 41100 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fausto","family":"Barbieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Modena University Hospital, 41100 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3051-8057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia","family":"Baldessari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Modena University Hospital, 41100 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1414-342X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Veronese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SS Lung Unit, Critical Care Medicine Department, Foundation IRCCS National Cancer Institute of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1657-1591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Boffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SS Lung Unit, Critical Care Medicine Department, Foundation IRCCS National Cancer Institute of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Brighenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology, ASST Cremona, 26100 Cremona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7611-7369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Cortinovis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SC Medical Oncology, SS Lung Unit, ASST H S Gerardo, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4007-1503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Dominici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Modena University Hospital, 41100 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Pesci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Unit, University of Milan-Bicocca, S. Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Bargagli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5775-5947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Luppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Unit, University of Milan-Bicocca, S. Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skeoch, S., Weatherley, N., Swift, A.J., Oldroyd, A., Johns, C., Hayton, C., Giollo, A., Wild, J.M., Waterton, J.C., and Buch, M. (2018). 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