{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:50:53Z","timestamp":1788454253190,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,7]],"date-time":"2022-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vascular malformations are frequent in the head and neck region, affecting the nervous system. The wide range of therapeutic approaches demand the correct anatomical, morphological, and functional characterization of these lesions supported by imaging. Using a systematic search protocol in PubMed, Google Scholar, Ebsco, Redalyc, and SciELO, the authors extracted clinical studies, review articles, book chapters, and case reports that provided information about vascular cerebral malformations, in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 385,614 articles were grouped; using the inclusion and exclusion criteria, three of the authors independently selected 51 articles about five vascular cerebral malformations: venous malformation, brain capillary telangiectasia, brain cavernous angiomas, arteriovenous malformation, and leptomeningeal angiomatosis as part of Sturge\u2013Weber syndrome. We described the next topics\u2014\u201cdefinition\u201d, \u201cetiology\u201d, \u201cpathophysiology\u201d, and \u201ctreatment\u201d\u2014with a focus on the relationship with the imaging approach. We concluded that the correct anatomical, morphological, and functional characterization of cerebral vascular malformations by means of various imaging studies is highly relevant in determining the therapeutic approach, and that new lines of therapeutic approaches continue to depend on the imaging evaluation of these lesions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12081199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,7]],"date-time":"2022-08-07T22:51:46Z","timestamp":1659912706000},"page":"1199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Atlas of Nervous System Vascular Malformations: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Castillo-Rangel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, \u201cHospital Regional 1\u00ba de Octubre\u201d, Institute of Social Security and Services for State Workers (ISSSTE), Mexico City 07300, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4782-5504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophysics Department, Brain Research Institute, Xalapa 91192, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla Aketzalli","family":"Hernandez-Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology and Cell Culture, Brain Research Institute, Xalapa 91192, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6039-3745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristofer","family":"Zarate-Calderon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophysics Department, Brain Research Institute, Xalapa 91192, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micheel Merari","family":"Vichi-Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology and Cell Culture, Brain Research Institute, Xalapa 91192, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilmar","family":"Cortez-Saldias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, \u201cHospital Regional 1\u00ba de Octubre\u201d, Institute of Social Security and Services for State Workers (ISSSTE), Mexico City 07300, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco Antonio","family":"Rodriguez-Florido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center of Medicine, \u201cSiglo XXI: Dr. Bernardo Sep\u00falveda Guti\u00e9rrez\u201d, Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City 07300, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1mbar Elizabeth","family":"Riley-Moguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, \u201cHospital Regional 1\u00ba de Octubre\u201d, Institute of Social Security and Services for State Workers (ISSSTE), Mexico City 07300, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Pichardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, \u201cHospital Regional 1\u00ba de Octubre\u201d, Institute of Social Security and Services for State Workers (ISSSTE), Mexico City 07300, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8937-4433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osvaldo","family":"Torres-Pineda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophysics Department, Brain Research Institute, Xalapa 91192, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena G.","family":"Vega-Quesada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Zone No. 71 \u201cLic. 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