{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T03:47:38Z","timestamp":1778557658253,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Andalusian Government","award":["CV20-73620_COVI-CECEU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CV20-73620_COVI-CECEU"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["CV20-73620_COVI-CECEU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CV20-73620_COVI-CECEU"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Although smell and taste disorders are highly prevalent symptoms of COVID-19 infection, the predictive factors leading to long-lasting chemosensory dysfunction are still poorly understood. Methods: 102 out of 421 (24.2%) mildly symptomatic COVID-19 patients completed a second questionnaire about the evolution of their symptoms one year after the infection using visual analog scales (VAS). A subgroup of 69 patients also underwent psychophysical evaluation of olfactory function through UPSIT. Results: The prevalence of chemosensory dysfunction decreased from 82.4% to 45.1% after 12 months, with 46.1% of patients reporting a complete recovery. Patients older than 40 years (OR = 0.20; 95% CI: [0.07, 0.56]) and with a duration of loss of smell longer than four weeks saw a lower odds ratio for recovery (OR = 0.27; 95% CI: [0.10, 0.76]). In addition, 28 patients (35.9%) reported suffering from parosmia, which was associated with moderate to severe taste dysfunction at the baseline (OR = 7.80; 95% CI: [1.70, 35.8]). Among the 69 subjects who underwent the UPSIT, 57 (82.6%) presented some degree of smell dysfunction, showing a moderate correlation with self-reported VAS (r = \u22120.36, p = 0.0027). Conclusion: A clinically relevant number of subjects reported persistent chemosensory dysfunction and parosmia one year after COVID-19 infection, with a moderate correlation with psychophysical olfactory tests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12081256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T22:53:30Z","timestamp":1660776810000},"page":"1256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Analysis of Prevalence and Predictive Factors of Long-Lasting Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9336-2411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda A.","family":"Callej\u00f3n-Leblic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhinology Unit, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, 41009 Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Group, University of Seville, 41092 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4840-2485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel I.","family":"Mart\u00edn-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhinology Unit, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0640-0550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Moreno-Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhinology Unit, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3146-1910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose M.","family":"Palacios-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhinology Unit, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Alvarez-Cendrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhinology Unit, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9678-1881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julissa A.","family":"Vizcarra-Melgar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhinology Unit, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Fernandez-Velez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhinology Unit, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel M.","family":"Reyes-Tejero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhinology Unit, Virgen de Valme University Hospital, 41014 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Maza-Solano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhinology Unit, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Gonzalez-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhinology Unit, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Tena-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhinology Unit, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda E.","family":"Acosta-Mosquera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhinology Unit, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4332-0920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Del Cuvillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhinology and Asthma Unit, ENT Department, The University Hospital of Jerez, 11407 Jerez de la Frontera, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5897-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seraf\u00edn","family":"S\u00e1nchez-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhinology Unit, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.02.008","article-title":"Onset, Duration and Unresolved Symptoms, Including Smell and Taste Changes, in Mild COVID-19 Infection: A Cohort Study in Israeli Patients","volume":"27","author":"Klein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. 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