{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:52:55Z","timestamp":1787028775360,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Globally, metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pose a major public health threat. Many studies have confirmed the causal relationship between risk factors and the etiopathogenesis of these diseases. Despite this, traditional therapeutic management methods such as physical education and diet have proven insufficient. Recently, researchers have focused on other potential pathways for explaining the pathophysiological variability of metabolic diseases, such as the involvement of the intestinal microbiota. An understanding of the relationship between the microbiome and metabolic diseases is a first step towards developing future therapeutic strategies. Currently, much attention is given to the use of biotics family members such as prebiotics (lactolose, soy oligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides or inulin) and probiotics (genera Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Lactococcus,\u00a0Streptococcus or Enterococcus). They can be used both separately and together as synbiotics. Due to their direct influence on the composition of the intestinal microbiota, they have shown favorable results in the evolution of metabolic diseases. The expansion of the research area in the biotics family has led to the discovery of new members, like postbiotics. In the age of personalized medicine, their use as therapeutic options is of great interest to our study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12081263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T23:51:01Z","timestamp":1661125861000},"page":"1263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Biotics Family: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives in Metabolic Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0731-4817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Codrina-Madalina","family":"Palade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cSocola\u201d Institute of Psychiatry, 700282 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgiana-Anca","family":"Vulpoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department I, \u201cProf. Dr. N. Oblu\u201d Emergency Clinical Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5108-4740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radu-Alexandru","family":"Vulpoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cSaint Spiridon\u201d Country Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7596-2656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasile Liviu","family":"Drug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cSaint Spiridon\u201d Country Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oana-Bogdana","family":"Barboi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cSaint Spiridon\u201d Country Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Ciocoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3837","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i25.3837","article-title":"Gut Microbiota in Obesity","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.11.051","article-title":"Role of Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes Pathophysiology","volume":"51","author":"Gurung","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512005235","article-title":"Linking the Gut Microbiota to Human Health","volume":"109","author":"Guarner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"25877","article-title":"Manipulating the Gut Microbiota to Maintain Health and Treat Disease","volume":"26","author":"Scott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humic.2019.100065","article-title":"The Origins of Gut Microbiome Research in Europe: From Escherich to Nissle","volume":"14","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Microbiome J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1086\/521946","article-title":"Theodor Escherich: The First Pediatric Infectious Diseases Physician?","volume":"45","author":"Shulman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnw212","article-title":"Escherichia coli Strain Nissle 1917-from Bench to Bedside and Back: History of a Special Escherichia coli Strain with Probiotic Properties","volume":"363","author":"Sonnenborn","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8693","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-7829-5","article-title":"Genetic Engineering of Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 for Clinical Application","volume":"100","author":"Ou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12563","article-title":"The Intestinal Microbiota: Antibiotics, Colonization Resistance, and Enteric Pathogens","volume":"279","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0213-y","article-title":"Evolution of Gut Microbiota Composition from Birth to 24 Weeks in the INFANTMET Cohort","volume":"5","author":"Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rinninella, E., Raoul, P., Cintoni, M., Franceschi, F., Abele, G., Miggiano, D., Gasbarrini, A., and Mele, M.C. (2019). What Is the Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition? A Changing Ecosystem across Age, Environment, Diet, and Diseases. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7010014"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00118.2019","article-title":"Role of Gut Microbiota in Liver Disease","volume":"318","author":"Albhaisi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-019-9860-z","article-title":"Factors Influencing the Gut Microbiome in Children: From Infancy to Childhood","volume":"44","author":"Kumbhare","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.08.067","article-title":"Influence of Early Life, Diet, and the Environment on the Microbiome","volume":"17","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533615609899","article-title":"Gut Microbiome: What We Do and Don\u2019t Know","volume":"30","author":"Cresci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09944","article-title":"Enterotypes of the Human Gut Microbiome","volume":"473","author":"Arumugam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3831972","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3831972","article-title":"Exercise Modifies the Gut Microbiota with Positive Health Effects","volume":"2017","author":"Monda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-020-00353-w","article-title":"The Athletic Gut Microbiota","volume":"17","author":"Mohr","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2018.00028","article-title":"Gut Microbiome Composition in Non-Human Primates Consuming a Western or Mediterranean Diet","volume":"5","author":"Falasca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beam, A., Clinger, E., and Hao, L. (2021). Effect of Diet and Dietary Components on the Composition of the Gut Microbiota. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082795"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abenavoli, L., Scarpellini, E., Colica, C., Boccuto, L., Salehi, B., Sharifi-Rad, J., Aiello, V., Romano, B., de Lorenzo, A., and Izzo, A.A. (2019). Gut Microbiota and Obesity: A Role for Probiotics. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112690"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11070","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504978102","article-title":"Obesity Alters Gut Microbial Ecology","volume":"102","author":"Ley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedersen, R., Ingerslev, H.-C., Sturek, M., Alloosh, M., Cirera, S., Christoffersen, B.\u00d8., Moesgaard, S.G., Larsen, N., and Boye, M. (2013). Characterisation of Gut Microbiota in Ossabaw and G\u00f6 Ttingen Minipigs as Models of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056612"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i8.1076","article-title":"Gut Bacteria Alteration in Obese People and Its Relationship with Gene Polymorphism","volume":"17","author":"Zuo","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12263-017-0566-2","article-title":"Obesity and Microbiota: An Example of an Intricate Relationship","volume":"12","author":"Duranti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.09.053","article-title":"Human Genetics Shape the Gut Microbiome","volume":"159","author":"Goodrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9066","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219451110","article-title":"Cross-Talk between Akkermansia Muciniphila and Intestinal Epithelium Controls Diet-Induced Obesity","volume":"110","author":"Everard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.20","article-title":"Correlation between Body Mass Index and Gut Concentrations of Lactobacillus reuteri, Bifidobacterium animalis, Methanobrevibacter smithii and Escherichia coli","volume":"37","author":"Million","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.10.031","article-title":"Correlation between Body Mass Index and Faecal Microbiota from Children","volume":"22","author":"Ignacio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larsen, N., Vogensen, F.K., van den Berg, F.W.J., Sandris Nielsen, D., Andreasen, A.S., Pedersen, B.K., Al-Soud, W.A., S\u00f8rensen, S.J., Hansen, L.H., and Jakobsen, M. (2010). Gut Microbiota in Human Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Differs from Non-Diabetic Adults. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009085"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4550-1","article-title":"Aberrant Intestinal Microbiota in Individuals with Prediabetes","volume":"61","author":"Allin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0271-6","article-title":"Sub-Clinical Detection of Gut Microbial Biomarkers of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Yassour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Shen, D., Fang, Z., Jie, Z., and Qiu, X. (2013). Human Gut Microbiota Changes Reveal the Progression of Glucose Intolerance. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071108"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy096","article-title":"The Roles of 27 Genera of Human Gut Microbiota in Ischemic Heart Disease, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Their Risk Factors: A Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"187","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.06.011","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota in Prediabetes and Diabetes: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joyce Hamasaki-Matos, A., Marlene C\u00f3ndor-Mar\u00edn, K., Aquino-Ortega, R., Carrillo-Ng, H., Ugarte-Gil, C., Silva-Caso, W., Angel Aguilar-Luis, M., and del Valle-Mendoza, J. (2021). Characterization of the Gut Microbiota in Diabetes Mellitus II Patients with Adequate and Inadequate Metabolic Control. BMC Res. Notes, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-021-05655-z"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8842651","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8842651","article-title":"The Alteration in Composition and Function of Gut Microbiome in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"2020","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28356","article-title":"The Severity of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Is Associated with Gut Dysbiosis and Shift in the Metabolic Function of the Gut Microbiota","volume":"63","author":"Boursier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.04.001","article-title":"Gut Microbiome-Based Metagenomic Signature for Non-Invasive Detection of Advanced Fibrosis in Human Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"25","author":"Loomba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28572","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Profiling of Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Obese Patients Unveiled by an Integrated Meta-Omics-Based Approach","volume":"65","author":"Nobili","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09455-9","article-title":"A Gut Microbiome Signature for Cirrhosis Due to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"10","author":"Caussy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4982","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18754-5","article-title":"Distinct Signatures of Gut Microbiome and Metabolites Associated with Significant Fibrosis in Non-Obese NAFLD","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uversky, N., Vallianou, N., Christodoulatos, G.S., Karampela, I., Tsilingiris, D., Magkos, F., Stratigou, T., Kounatidis, D., and Dalamaga, M. (2021). Understanding the Role of the Gut Microbiome and Microbial Metabolites in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Current Evidence and Perspectives. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12010056"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22179","article-title":"Gut Microbiota: From Microorganisms to Metabolic Organ Influencing Obesity","volume":"26","author":"Stephens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-016-0166-9","article-title":"Pathophysiological Role of Host Microbiota in the Development of Obesity","volume":"15","author":"Kobyliak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms3020213","article-title":"Does the Gut Microbiota Contribute to Obesity? Going beyond the Gut Feeling","volume":"3","author":"Aguirre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI58109","article-title":"Gut Microbiome, Obesity, and Metabolic Dysfunction","volume":"121","author":"Tilg","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1403","article-title":"Changes in Gut Microbiota Control Metabolic Endotoxemia-Induced Inflammation in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Diabetes in Mice","volume":"57","author":"Cani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-021-00446-0","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Influence in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)","volume":"13","author":"Cunningham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16452","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i44.16452","article-title":"Obesity, Fatty Liver Disease and Intestinal Microbiota","volume":"20","author":"Arslan","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., and Vitetta, L. (2020). Molecular Sciences Gut Microbiota Metabolites in NAFLD Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Implications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155214"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.56214","article-title":"Understanding the Effects of Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and the Possible Probiotics Role: Recent Updates","volume":"2021","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12140","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: New Insights","volume":"19","author":"Gaborit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, X., Ji, G., Jia, W., and Li, H. (2016). Molecular Sciences Gut Microbiota and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Insights on Mechanism and Application of Metabolomics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17030300"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09512-0","article-title":"Dietary Lipids, Gut Microbiota and Lipid Metabolism","volume":"20","author":"Schoeler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13307","article-title":"Circulating Trimethylamine N-Oxide and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 11 Prospective Cohort Studies","volume":"22","author":"Qi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sergeev, I.N., Aljutaily, T., Walton, G., and Huarte, E. (2020). Effects of Synbiotic Supplement on Human Gut Microbiota, Body Composition and Weight Loss in Obesity. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010222"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-020-01426-w","article-title":"Postbiotics-Parabiotics: The New Horizons in Microbial Biotherapy and Functional Foods","volume":"19","author":"Nataraj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00454","article-title":"How Probiotics Affect the Microbiota","volume":"9","author":"Carvalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zommiti, M., Feuilloley, M.G.J., and Connil, N. (2020). Update of Probiotics in Human World: A Nonstop Source of Benefactions till the End of Time. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8121907"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2002628","article-title":"Probiotics as Modulators of the Gut Flora","volume":"88","author":"Fooks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ailioaie, L.M., and Litscher, G. (2021). Probiotics, Photobiomodulation, and Disease Management: Controversies and Challenges. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094942"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.53201","article-title":"Probiotics","volume":"27","author":"Gupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Med Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2022, June 23). Sources\u2014International Probiotics Association. Available online: https:\/\/internationalprobiotics.org\/resources\/sources\/."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1159\/000342079","article-title":"Probiotic Mechanisms of Action","volume":"61","author":"Nutr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2015.39.4.291","article-title":"Probiotics as Complementary Treatment for Metabolic Disorders","volume":"39","author":"Varin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-017-9322-6","article-title":"Probiotics and the Gut Immune System: Indirect Regulation","volume":"10","author":"Weber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ukena, S.N., Singh, A., Dringenberg, U., Engelhardt, R., and Seidler, U. (2007). Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 Inhibits Leaky Gut by Enhancing Mucosal Integrity. PLoS ONE, 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001308"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00778-07","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus Strain GG Prevents Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7-Induced Changes in Epithelial Barrier Function","volume":"76","author":"Donato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G941","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1999.276.4.G941","article-title":"Probiotics Inhibit Enteropathogenic E. coli Adherence in vitro by Inducing Intestinal Mucin Gene Expression","volume":"276","author":"Mack","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-002-0855-7","article-title":"Probiotics Up-Regulate MUC-2 Mucin Gene Expression in a Caco-2 Cell-Culture Model","volume":"18","author":"Ae","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.022871-0","article-title":"Characterization of Four Plasmids Harboured in a Lactobacillus brevis Strain Encoding a Novel Bacteriocin, Brevicin 925A, and Construction of a Shuttle Vector for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Escherichia coli","volume":"155","author":"Wada","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513001037","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 in Fermented Milk on Abdominal Adiposity in Adults in a Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"110","author":"Kadooka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-12-138","article-title":"Hypocaloric Diet Supplemented with Probiotic Cheese Improves Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure Indices of Obese Hypertensive Patients-a Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study","volume":"12","author":"Sharafedtinov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2013.874937","article-title":"Effects of Probiotic Yogurt on Fat Distribution and Gene Expression of Proinflammatory Factors in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Overweight and Obese People with or without Weight-Loss Diet","volume":"33","author":"Zarrati","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jose S\u00e1ez-Lara, M., Robles-Sanchez, C., Ruiz-Ojeda, F.J., Plaza-Diaz, J., and Gil, A. (2016). Molecular Sciences Effects of Probiotics and Synbiotics on Obesity, Insulin Resistance Syndrome, Type 2 Diabetes and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Review of Human Clinical Trials. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060928"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.11.011","article-title":"Clinical Application of Probiotics in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"36","author":"Tonucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3288","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-4128","article-title":"Effect of Probiotic Yogurt Containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis on Lipid Profile in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"94","author":"Ejtahed","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2011.08.013","article-title":"Probiotic Yogurt Improves Antioxidant Status in Type 2 Diabetic Patients","volume":"28","author":"Ejtahed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31821f9b85","article-title":"Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Strain Gg in Pediatric Obesity-Related Liver Disease","volume":"52","author":"Vajro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7386","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8500","article-title":"Effects of Probiotic Yogurt Consumption on Metabolic Factors in Individuals with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"97","author":"Nabavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12758","article-title":"Randomised Clinical Trial: The Beneficial Effects of VSL#3 in Obese Children with Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"39","author":"Alisi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42059-3","article-title":"Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of a Multispecies Probiotic Mixture in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"9","author":"Ahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Kobyliak, N., Abenavoli, L., Mykhalchyshyn, G., Kononenko, L., Boccuto, L., Kyriienko, D., and Dynnyk, O. (2022, June 26). View of a Multi-Strain Probiotic Reduces the Fatty Liver Index, Cytokines and Aminotransferase Levels in NAFLD Patients: Evidence from a Randomized Clinical Trial. Available online: https:\/\/www.jgld.ro\/jgld\/index.php\/jgld\/article\/view\/124\/1358."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M., Bose, S., Lim, S., Seo, J., Shin, J., Lee, D., Chung, W.-H., Song, E.-J., Nam, Y.-D., and Kim, H. (2020). Beneficial Effects of Newly Isolated Akkermansia Muciniphila Strains from the Human Gut on Obesity and Metabolic Dysregulation. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091413"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1737307","article-title":"Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila Increases Whole-Body Energy Expenditure and Fecal Energy Excretion in Diet-Induced Obese Mice","volume":"11","author":"Depommier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-16-0054","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila Improves Metabolic Profiles by Reducing Inflammation in Chow Diet-Fed Mice","volume":"58","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.103838","article-title":"Rational Use of Prebiotics for Gut Microbiota Alterations: Specific Bacterial Phylotypes and Related Mechanisms","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/125.6.1401","article-title":"Dietary Modulation of the Human Colonie Microbiota: Introducing the Concept of Prebiotics","volume":"125","author":"Gibson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.75","article-title":"Expert Consensus Document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) Consensus Statement on the Definition and Scope of Prebiotics","volume":"14","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markowiak, P., and \u015ali\u017cewska, K. (2017). Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Human Health. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9091021"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"305","article-title":"Bacterial Metabolism and Health-Related Effects of Galacto-Oligosaccharides and Other Prebiotics","volume":"104","author":"Macfarlane","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.4","article-title":"Ruminococcus Bromii Is a Keystone Species for the Degradation of Resistant Starch in the Human Colon Microbe-Microbe and Microbe-Host Interactions","volume":"6","author":"Ze","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chudzik, A., Orzy\u0142owska, A., Rola, R., Stanisz, G.J., Furneri, P.M., and Fuochi, V. (2021). Biomolecules Probiotics, Prebiotics and Postbiotics on Mitigation of Depression Symptoms: Modulation of the Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11071000"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01813","article-title":"Intestinal Microbiota Modulation in Obesity-Related Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"9","author":"Porras","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27465","article-title":"Weight Loss during Oligofructose Supplementation Is Associated with Decreased Ghrelin and Increased Peptide YY in Overweight and Obese Adults 1-3","volume":"89","author":"Parnell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303304","article-title":"Insight into the Prebiotic Concept: Lessons from an Exploratory, Double Blind Intervention Study with Inulin-Type Fructans in Obese Women","volume":"62","author":"Dewulf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, J., Zhou, Q., and Li, H. (2017). Gut Microbiota and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Insights on Mechanisms and Therapy. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201709.0040.v2"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.05.055","article-title":"Prebiotics Reduce Body Fat and Alter Intestinal Microbiota in Children Who Are Overweight or with Obesity","volume":"153","author":"Nicolucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NMI-S24385","DOI":"10.4137\/NMI.S24385","article-title":"Choline and Fructooligosaccharide: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Cardiac Fat Deposition, and Oxidative Stress Markers","volume":"8","author":"Juliana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Insights"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987783","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1987783","article-title":"Oscillospira-a Candidate for the next-Generation Probiotics","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323778","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Dysosmobacter Welbionis Is a Newly Isolated Human Commensal Bacterium Preventing Diet-Induced Obesity and Metabolic Disorders in Mice","volume":"71","author":"Roy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926710","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.926710","article-title":"Functional Characterization of Clostridium Tyrobutyricum L319: A Promising Next-Generation Probiotic for Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973835","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1973835","article-title":"Next-Generation Prebiotic Promotes Selective Growth of Bifidobacteria, Suppressing Clostridioides Difficile","volume":"13","author":"Hirano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martyniak, A., Medy\u00b4nska-Prz, A., Eczek, M., W\u0119drychowicz, A., Skocz\u00e9, S., Tomasik, P.J., and Uversky, N. (2021). Prebiotics, Probiotics, Synbiotics, Paraprobiotics and Postbiotic Compounds in IBD. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11121903"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1911.11019","article-title":"Potential Health-Promoting Benefits of Paraprobiotics, Inactivated Probiotic Cells","volume":"30","author":"Akter","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z\u00f3\u0142kiewicz, J., Marzec, A., Ruszczy\u00b4nski, M., Ruszczy\u00b4nski, R., and Feleszko, W. (2020). Postbiotics\u2014A Step Beyond Pre-and Probiotics. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082189"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, K.-H., Jeong, J., and Kim, H. (2020). Synergistic Effects of Heat-Killed Kefir Paraprobiotics and Flavonoid-Rich Prebiotics on Western Diet-Induced Obesity. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082465"},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"30312","article-title":"Effect of Fragmented Lactobacillus amylovorus CP1563 on Lipid Metabolism in Overweight and Mildly Obese Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"27","author":"Nakamura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugawara, T., Sawada, D., Yanagihara, S., Aoki, Y., Takehara, I., Sugahara, H., Hirota, T., Nakamura, Y., and Ishikawa, S. (2020). Daily Intake of Paraprobiotic Lactobacillus amylovorus CP1563 Improves Pre-Obese Conditions and Affects the Gut Microbial Community in Healthy Pre-Obese Subjects: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8020304"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109905","article-title":"Paraprobiotic Obtained by Ohmic Heating Added in Whey-Grape Juice Drink Is Effective to Control Postprandial Glycemia in Healthy Adults","volume":"140","author":"Barros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabello-Olmo, M., Oneca, M., Torre, P., Sainz, N., Moreno-Aliaga, M.J., Guruceaga, E., D\u00edaz, J.V., Encio, I.J., Barajas, M., and Ara\u00f1a, M. (2019). A Fermented Food Product Containing Lactic Acid Bacteria Protects ZDF Rats from the Development of Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102530"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deshpande, G., Athalye-Jape, G., and Patole, S. (2018). Para-Probiotics for Preterm Neonates-The Next Frontier. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070871"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osman, A., El-Gazzar, N., Almanaa, T.N., El-Hadary, A., and Sitohy, M. (2021). Molecules Lipolytic Postbiotic from Lactobacillus paracasei Manages Metabolic Syndrome in Albino Wistar Rats. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26020472"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13039","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.13039","article-title":"Oral Intake of Lactobacillus plantarum L-14 Extract Alleviates TLR2-and AMPK-Mediated Obesity-Associated Disorders in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obese C57BL\/6J Mice","volume":"54","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.03.021","article-title":"Muramyl Dipeptide-Based Postbiotics Mitigate Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance via IRF4","volume":"25","author":"Cavallari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/12\/8\/1263\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:12:08Z","timestamp":1760141528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/12\/8\/1263"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["life12081263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life12081263","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]}}}