{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T16:58:08Z","timestamp":1776790688722,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TTUHSC School of Medicine Dean\u2019s Office Seed Funds for Innovative COVID-19 Research","award":["#R25GM096955"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#R25GM096955"]}]},{"name":"NIH National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)","award":["#R25GM096955"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#R25GM096955"]}]},{"name":"TTUHSC Office of Research Seed Funds for Coronavirus Research","award":["#R25GM096955"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#R25GM096955"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic provides a natural opportunity for the collision of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) with chronic infections, which place numerous individuals at high risk of severe COVID-19. Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), a global epidemic, remains a major public health concern. Whether prior HIV+ status exacerbates COVID-19 warrants investigation. Herein, we characterized the impact of SARS-CoV-2 in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) previously exposed to HIV. We optimized the air-liquid interface (ALI) cell culture technique to allow for challenges with HIV at the basolateral cell surface and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on the apical surface, followed by genetic analyses for cellular stress\/toxicity and innate\/adaptive immune responses. Our results suggest that the IL-10 pathway was consistently activated in HBECs treated with spike, HIV, or a combination. Recombinant spike protein elicited COVID-19 cytokine storms while HIV activated different signaling pathways. HIV-treated HBECs could no longer activate NF-kB, pro-inflammatory TRAF-6 ubiquitination nor RIP1 signaling. Combinations of HIV and SARS-CoV-2 spike increased gene expression for activation of endoplasmic reticulum-phagosome pathway and downregulated non-canonical NF-kB pathways that are key in functional regulatory T cells and RNA Polymerase II transcription. Our in vitro studies suggest that prior HIV infection may not exacerbate COVID-19. Further in vivo studies are warranted to advance this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12091317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T03:34:56Z","timestamp":1661744096000},"page":"1317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 and HIV: Impact on Pulmonary Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9576-4454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alina C.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5479-123X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Castro-Piedras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3685-2347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ava G.","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9431-6978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandria B.","family":"Mabry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda K.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria del C.","family":"Velez-Colon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Ponce, PR 00716, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew B.","family":"Grisham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Pruitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6050-7570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edu B.","family":"Suarez-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Ponce, PR 00716, USA"},{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR 00732, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4769-1924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharilyn","family":"Almodovar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"},{"name":"Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020503","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.10.020503","article-title":"Effects of underlying morbidities on the occurrence of deaths in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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