{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:29:57Z","timestamp":1791426597074,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation of South Africa","award":["98337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["98337"]}]},{"name":"South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation of South Africa","award":["129327"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["129327"]}]},{"name":"University of Johannesburg (URC)","award":["98337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["98337"]}]},{"name":"University of Johannesburg (URC)","award":["129327"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["129327"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF)","award":["98337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["98337"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF)","award":["129327"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["129327"]}]},{"name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Laser Centre (NLC) Laser Rental Pool Program","award":["98337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["98337"]}]},{"name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Laser Centre (NLC) Laser Rental Pool Program","award":["129327"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["129327"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes is a serious threat to global health and is among the top 10 causes of death. The Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is among the most common and severe complications of the disease. Bacterial infections are common; therefore, timely aggressive management, using multidisciplinary management approaches is needed to prevent complications, morbidity, and mortality, particularly in view of the growing cases of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Photobiomodulation (PBM) involves the application of low-level light at specific wavelengths to induce cellular photochemical and photophysical responses. Red and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths have been shown to be beneficial, and recent studies indicate that other wavelengths within the visible spectrum could be helpful as well, including blue light (400\u2013500 nm). Reports of the antimicrobial activity and susceptibility of blue light on several strains of the same bacterium show that many bacteria are less likely to develop resistance to blue light treatment, meaning it is a viable alternative to antibiotic therapy. However, not all studies have shown positive results for wound healing and fibroblast proliferation. This paper presents a critical review of the literature concerning the use of PBM, with a focus on blue light, for tissue healing and diabetic ulcer care, identifies the pros and cons of PBM intervention, and recommends the potential role of PBM for diabetic ulcer care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12091431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T23:16:36Z","timestamp":1663197396000},"page":"1431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The Effects of Blue Light on Human Fibroblasts and Diabetic Wound Healing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Meesha","family":"Purbhoo-Makan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Podiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa"},{"name":"Laser Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1515-8260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolette Nadene","family":"Houreld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chukuka S.","family":"Enwemeka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa"},{"name":"College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Diabetic Federation (2022, February 01). IDF Diabetes Atlas. 10th Edition. Available online: https:\/\/www.diabetesatlas.org\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449924","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2018.1449924","article-title":"Diabetes in South African older adults: Prevalence and impact on quality of life and functional disability\u2014As assessed using SAGE Wave 1 data","volume":"11","author":"Werfalli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Health Action"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"International Diabetic Federation (2020, May 08). IDF Diabetes Atlas. 9th Edition. 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