{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T14:54:40Z","timestamp":1792076080488,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"March of Dimes","award":["WSCRP76171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WSCRP76171"]}]},{"name":"March of Dimes","award":["DRP2122_05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DRP2122_05"]}]},{"name":"The Parasol Foundation","award":["WSCRP76171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WSCRP76171"]}]},{"name":"The Parasol Foundation","award":["DRP2122_05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DRP2122_05"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College London","award":["WSCRP76171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WSCRP76171"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College London","award":["DRP2122_05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DRP2122_05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neutrophils are surveillance cells, and the first to react and migrate to sites of inflammation and infection following a chemotactic gradient. Neutrophils play a key role in both sterile inflammation and infection, performing a wide variety of effector functions such as degranulation, phagocytosis, ROS production and release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Healthy term labour requires a sterile pro-inflammatory process, whereas one of the most common causes of spontaneous preterm birth is microbial driven. Peripheral neutrophilia has long been described during pregnancy, and evidence exists demonstrating neutrophils infiltrating the cervix, uterus and foetal membranes during both term and preterm deliveries. Their presence supports a role in tissue remodelling via their effector functions. In this review, we describe the effector functions of neutrophils. We summarise the evidence to support their role in healthy pregnancy and labour and describe their potential contribution to microbial driven preterm birth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12101512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T22:53:19Z","timestamp":1664405599000},"page":"1512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["The Role of Neutrophils in Pregnancy, Term and Preterm Labour"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Belen","family":"Gimeno-Molina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0HS, UK"},{"name":"March of Dimes European Prematurity Research Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0HS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Kropf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"March of Dimes European Prematurity Research Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0HS, UK"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7806-5707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynne","family":"Sykes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0HS, UK"},{"name":"March of Dimes European Prematurity Research Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0HS, UK"},{"name":"The Parasol Foundation Centre for Women\u2019s Health and Cancer Research, St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00012.2018","article-title":"The Neutrophil\u2019s Role During Health and Disease","volume":"99","author":"Liew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0736-z","article-title":"Single-Cell Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Neutrophil Heterogeneity in Homeostasis and Infection","volume":"21","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1006\/bcmd.2002.0513","article-title":"Surface Antigen Changes during Normal Neutrophilic Development: A Critical Review","volume":"28","author":"Elghetany","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood Cells. Mol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0503245","article-title":"Physiologic Variations in Granulocytic Surface Antigen Expression: Impact of Age, Gender, Pregnancy, Race, and Stress","volume":"75","author":"Elghetany","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2016.03.007","article-title":"Identification of Neutrophil Surface Marker Changes in Health and Inflammation Using High-Throughput Screening Flow Cytometry","volume":"342","author":"Lakschevitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cloke, T., Munder, M., Taylor, G., M\u00fcller, I., and Kropf, P. (2012). Characterization of a Novel Population of Low-Density Granulocytes Associated with Disease Severity in HIV-1 Infection. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048939"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, Y., Ye, J., Luo, Q., Huang, Z., Peng, Y., Xiong, G., Guo, Y., Jiang, H., and Li, J. (2016). Low-Density Granulocytes Are Elevated in Mycobacterial Infection and Associated with the Severity of Tuberculosis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153567"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00517","article-title":"Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients Display Altered Composition and Maturity of Neutrophils as Well as Impaired Neutrophil Effector Functions","volume":"7","author":"Yizengaw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3284","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902199","article-title":"A Distinct Subset of Proinflammatory Neutrophils Isolated from Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Induces Vascular Damage and Synthesizes Type I Interferons","volume":"184","author":"Denny","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70570-3","article-title":"Maternal Neutrophil Apoptosis in Normal Pregnancy, Preeclampsia, and Normotensive Intrauterine Growth Restriction","volume":"181","author":"Watson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13160","article-title":"Immunophenotyping and Activation Status of Maternal Peripheral Blood Leukocytes during Pregnancy and Labour, Both Term and Preterm","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gap054","article-title":"Leukocytes Are Primed in Peripheral Blood for Activation during Term and Preterm Labour\u2020","volume":"15","author":"Yuan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3399","article-title":"Neutrophil Recruitment and Function in Health and Inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Kolaczkowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0412-0","article-title":"Neutrophil Chemoattractant Receptors in Health and Disease: Double-Edged Swords","volume":"17","author":"Metzemaekers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peiser, L. (2016). Phagocytosis: Enhancement. eLS, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470015902.a0001214.pub3"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2019-0175","article-title":"The Role of Complement in Preterm Birth and Prematurity","volume":"47","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2013.06.034","article-title":"Neutrophil Cell Surface Receptors and Their Intracellular Signal Transduction Pathways","volume":"17","author":"Futosi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115653","article-title":"How Neutrophils Kill Microbes","volume":"23","author":"Segal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.09.008","article-title":"Neutrophil Granules and Secretory Vesicles in Inflammation","volume":"5","author":"Faurschou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3932","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15803","article-title":"Roles of Neutrophil Granule Proteins in Orchestrating Inflammation and Immunity","volume":"289","author":"Othman","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.3.1402","article-title":"Inflammatory Agonists Induce Cyclooxygenase Type 2 Expression by Human Neutrophils","volume":"160","author":"Maloney","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1235","article-title":"Characterization of Prostaglandin E2 Generation through the Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 Pathway in Human Neutrophils","volume":"1771","author":"Flamand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA-Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00373","article-title":"Neutrophils to the ROScue: Mechanisms of NADPH Oxidase Activation and Bacterial Resistance","volume":"7","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Kill Bacteria","volume":"303","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2873","article-title":"Sterile Inflammation: Sensing and Reacting to Damage","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8194","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.12.8194","article-title":"Cutting Edge: Critical Role for Mesothelial Cells in Necrosis-Induced Inflammation through the Recognition of IL-1\u03b1 Released from Dying Cells","volume":"181","author":"Eigenbrod","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.122655","article-title":"IL-33 Induces Neutrophil Migration in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Is a Target of Anti-TNF Therapy","volume":"69","author":"Verri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20388","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0908698106","article-title":"Necrotic Cells Trigger a Sterile Inflammatory Response through the Nlrp3 Inflammasome","volume":"106","author":"Iyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1159\/000347132","article-title":"Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns Control Neutrophil Recruitment","volume":"5","author":"Pittman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.64","article-title":"The Unique Immunological and Microbial Aspects of Pregnancy","volume":"17","author":"Mor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967629","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/967629","article-title":"The Th1:Th2 Dichotomy of Pregnancy and Preterm Labour","volume":"2012","author":"Sykes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12289","article-title":"Understanding the Complexity of the Immune System during Pregnancy","volume":"72","author":"Racicot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaan2946","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aan2946","article-title":"An Immune Clock of Human Pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Aghaeepour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0378(83)90239-5","article-title":"A Longitudinal Study of Leucocyte Numbers and Mitogenesis during the Last Ten Weeks of Human Pregnancy","volume":"5","author":"Griffin","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.72.5.874","article-title":"Monocytes Are Progressively Activated in the Circulation of Pregnant Women","volume":"72","author":"Luppi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s12288-012-0175-6","article-title":"Physiological Changes in Hematological Parameters During Pregnancy","volume":"28","author":"Chandra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Hematol. Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2014.11.001","article-title":"Phagocytic Index of Neutrophil Granulocytes and Monocytes in Healthy and Preeclamptic Pregnancy","volume":"107","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"862","article-title":"Number, Maturity and Phagocytic Activity of Neutrophils in the Three Trimesters of Pregnancy","volume":"13","author":"Pramanik","year":"2007","journal-title":"East. Mediterr. Health J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70254-6","article-title":"Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia Both Produce Inflammatory Changes in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes Akin to Those of Sepsis","volume":"179","author":"Sacks","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.117682","article-title":"Phenotypic and Metabolic Characteristics of Monocytes and Granulocytes in Normal Pregnancy and Maternal Infection","volume":"185","author":"Naccasha","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201344200","article-title":"Granulocytic Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells Expand in Human Pregnancy and Modulate T-Cell Responses","volume":"44","author":"Kugel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-022-01569-z","article-title":"Pregnancy Tailors Endotoxin-Induced Monocyte and Neutrophil Responses in the Maternal Circulation","volume":"71","author":"Romero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200636542","article-title":"Arginase Activity Mediates Reversible T Cell Hyporesponsiveness in Human Pregnancy","volume":"37","author":"Kropf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"122A","article-title":"Characterisation of Normal and Low Density Granulocytes in Pregnancy, Term Labour, and Women at High Risk of Preterm Labour","volume":"26","author":"Alqurashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ssemaganda, A., Kindinger, L., Bergin, P., Nielsen, L., Mpendo, J., Ssetaala, A., Kiwanuka, N., Munder, M., Teoh, T.G., and Kropf, P. (2014). Characterization of Neutrophil Subsets in Healthy Human Pregnancies. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085696"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21784","article-title":"Immature Granulocytes in Pregnancy: A Story of Virchow, Anxious Fathers, and Expectant Mothers","volume":"86","author":"Roehrl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(03)00331-1","article-title":"How Immune Mechanisms Are Affected by Pregnancy","volume":"21","author":"Luppi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665110001886","article-title":"Immunology of Pregnancy","volume":"69","author":"Thornton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13392","article-title":"Neutrophils in Pregnancy: New Insights into Innate and Adaptive Immune Regulation","volume":"164","author":"Bert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12827","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12827","article-title":"The Immunophenotype of Amniotic Fluid Leukocytes in Normal and Complicated Pregnancies","volume":"79","author":"Romero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.1.229","article-title":"Leukocytes Infiltrate the Myometrium during Human Parturition: Further Evidence That Labour Is an Inflammatory Process","volume":"14","author":"Thomson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Oxf. Engl."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2005.04.005","article-title":"Macrophages and Not Granulocytes Are Involved in Cervical Ripening","volume":"66","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"069","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-956777","article-title":"Dynamics of Cervical Remodeling during Pregnancy and Parturition: Mechanisms and Current Concepts","volume":"25","author":"Word","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.112.105049","article-title":"The Recruitment and Activation of Leukocytes into the Immune Cervix: Further Support That Cervical Remodeling Involves an Immune and Inflammatory Mechanism","volume":"87","author":"Myers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2010.08.005","article-title":"Endocrine Immune Interactions in Human Parturition","volume":"335","author":"Golightly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2005.01.001","article-title":"Normal Labor: Mechanism and Duration","volume":"32","author":"Liao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2007.05.001","article-title":"Biochemical and Endocrinological Preparation for Parturition","volume":"21","author":"Terzidou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/6.4.375","article-title":"Human Cervical Ripening, an Inflammatory Process Mediated by Cytokines","volume":"6","author":"Ekman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719108329095","article-title":"Inflammation and Pregnancy","volume":"16","author":"Challis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq045","article-title":"Neutrophil Function in Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"49","author":"Wright","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gag001","article-title":"Leukocyte Density and Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Expression in Human Fetal Membranes, Decidua, Cervix and Myometrium before and during Labour at Term","volume":"9","author":"Osman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod66.2.445","article-title":"Immunolocalization of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Myometrium, Cervix, and Fetal Membranes During Human Parturition at Term1","volume":"66","author":"Young","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02584.x","article-title":"Interleukin-8 Is Involved in Cervical Dilatation but Not in Prelabour Cervical Ripening","volume":"138","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1159\/000292487","article-title":"Changes in White Blood Cells during Parturition in Mothers and Newborn","volume":"38","author":"Delgado","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Investig"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.08.032","article-title":"Term Labor Is Associated with a Core Inflammatory Response in Human Fetal Membranes, Myometrium, and Cervix","volume":"200","author":"Bollopragada","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.4.1096","article-title":"Parturition at Term: Parallel Increases in Interleukin-8 and Proteinase Concentrations and Neutrophil Count in the Lower Uterine Segment","volume":"14","author":"Winkler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsgi.2005.12.002","article-title":"Leukocyte Density and Proinflammatory Mediator Expression in Regional Human Fetal Membranes and Decidua Before and During Labot at Term","volume":"13","author":"Osman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takahashi, N., Okuno, T., Fujii, H., Makino, S., Takahashi, M., Ohba, M., Saeki, K., Itakura, A., Takeda, S., and Yokomizo, T. (2021). Up-Regulation of Cytosolic Prostaglandin E Synthase in Fetal-Membrane and Amniotic Prostaglandin E2 Accumulation in Labor. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250638"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2007.03.002","article-title":"Cervical Function and Prematurity","volume":"21","author":"Norman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/12.3.586","article-title":"Leukocyte Subpopulations in the Human Uterine Cervical Stroma at Early and Term Pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Alexandersson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001-6349.2005.00525.x","article-title":"Immunoglobulin Levels and Phagocytes in the Cervical Mucus Plug at Term of Pregnancy","volume":"84","author":"Hein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.044891","article-title":"Timing of Neutrophil Activation and Expression of Proinflammatory Markers Do Not Support a Role for Neutrophils in Cervical Ripening in the Mouse1","volume":"74","author":"Timmons","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"904","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 Correlates with the Cervical Ripening Process in Humans","volume":"82","author":"Brauner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.005116","article-title":"Increased Level of Matrix Metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in the Ripening Process of the Human Cervix1","volume":"67","author":"Stygar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(92)91619-L","article-title":"Origin of Cervical Collagenase during Parturition","volume":"166","author":"Osmers","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60820-4","article-title":"National, Regional, and Worldwide Estimates of Preterm Birth Rates in the Year 2010 with Time Trends since 1990 for Selected Countries: A Systematic Analysis and Implications","volume":"379","author":"Blencowe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61698-6","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Causes of Child Mortality in 2000\u201313, with Projections to Inform Post-2015 Priorities: An Updated Systematic Analysis","volume":"385","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2011.09.001","article-title":"Intrauterine Infection and Preterm Labor","volume":"17","author":"Agrawal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.040","article-title":"Acute Chorioamnionitis and Funisitis: Definition, Pathologic Features, and Clinical Significance","volume":"213","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2004.10.003","article-title":"Maternal Origin of Inflammatory Leukocytes in Preterm Fetal Membranes, Shown by Fluorescence in Situ Hybridisation","volume":"26","author":"Steel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1159\/000009920","article-title":"Changes in Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes in the Vagina of Patients with Preterm Labor","volume":"45","author":"Yamada","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Investig"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12018","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68329-z","article-title":"Cervicovaginal Natural Antimicrobial Expression in Pregnancy and Association with Spontaneous Preterm Birth","volume":"10","author":"Hezelgrave","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2006.12.004","article-title":"Cervical Leukocyte Sub-Populations in Idiopathic Preterm Labour","volume":"75","author":"Whitworth","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stranik, J., Kacerovsky, M., Andrys, C., Soucek, O., Bolehovska, R., Holeckova, M., Matulova, J., Jacobsson, B., and Musilova, I. (2021). Intra-Amniotic Infection and Sterile Intra-Amniotic Inflammation Are Associated with Elevated Concentrations of Cervical Fluid Interleukin-6 in Women with Spontaneous Preterm Labor with Intact Membranes. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med., 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2020.1869932"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1159\/000509718","article-title":"RNA Sequencing Reveals Diverse Functions of Amniotic Fluid Neutrophils and Monocytes\/Macrophages in Intra-Amniotic Infection","volume":"13","author":"Romero","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R277","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-16-0453","article-title":"Sterile Inflammation and Pregnancy Complications: A Review","volume":"152","author":"Obari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12296","article-title":"Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Sterile Intra-Amniotic Inflammation in Patients with Preterm Labor and Intact Membranes","volume":"72","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.02.013","article-title":"High Mobility Group-Box 1 (HMGB1) Levels Are Increased in Amniotic Fluid of Women with Intra-Amniotic Inflammation-Determined Preterm Birth, and the Source May Be the Damaged Fetal Membranes","volume":"81","author":"Baumbusch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/13506120500223241","article-title":"Evaluation of Amniotic Fluid Cytokines in Preterm Labor and Intact Membranes","volume":"18","author":"Figueroa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90172-5","article-title":"Infection and Labor: III. Interleukin-1: A Signal for the Onset of Parturition","volume":"160","author":"Romero","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900788","article-title":"TLR9 Activation Coupled to IL-10 Deficiency Induces Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes","volume":"183","author":"Thaxton","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5706","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103454","article-title":"TLR9 Provokes Inflammation in Response to Fetal DNA: Mechanism for Fetal Loss in Preterm Birth and Preeclampsia","volume":"188","author":"Corr","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aagaard, K., Riehle, K., Ma, J., Segata, N., Mistretta, T.-A., Coarfa, C., Raza, S., Rosenbaum, S., den Veyver, I.V., and Milosavljevic, A. (2012). A Metagenomic Approach to Characterization of the Vaginal Microbiome Signature in Pregnancy. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036466"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11060","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1502875112","article-title":"Temporal and Spatial Variation of the Human Microbiota during Pregnancy","volume":"112","author":"DiGiulio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-005-0079-x","article-title":"Lifetime Changes in the Vulva and Vagina","volume":"273","author":"Farage","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-020-00817-w","article-title":"The Pregnancy Microbiome and Preterm Birth","volume":"42","author":"Bayar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BSR20203908","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20203908","article-title":"The Reproductive Tract Microbiota in Pregnancy","volume":"41","author":"Grewal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayaprakash, T.P., Wagner, E.C., van Schalkwyk, J., Albert, A.Y.K., Hill, J.E., Money, D.M., and Group, P.S. (2016). High Diversity and Variability in the Vaginal Microbiome in Women Following Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM): A Prospective Cohort Study. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166794"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1398","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1398","article-title":"Persistent Microbial Dysbiosis in Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes from Onset until Delivery","volume":"3","author":"Baldwin","year":"2015","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kacerovsky, M., Vrbacky, F., Kutova, R., Pliskova, L., Andrys, C., Musilova, I., Menon, R., Lamont, R., and Nekvindova, J. (2015). Cervical Microbiota in Women with Preterm Prelabor Rupture of Membranes. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126884"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, R.G., Marchesi, J.R., Lee, Y.S., Smith, A., Lehne, B., Kindinger, L.M., Terzidou, V., Holmes, E., Nicholson, J.K., and Bennett, P.R. (2018). Vaginal Dysbiosis Increases Risk of Preterm Fetal Membrane Rupture, Neonatal Sepsis and Is Exacerbated by Erythromycin. BMC Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-0999-x"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350ra102","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aag1026","article-title":"Relationship between Vaginal Microbial Dysbiosis, Inflammation, and Pregnancy Outcomes in Cervical Cerclage","volume":"8","author":"Kindinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0450-2","article-title":"The Vaginal Microbiome and Preterm Birth","volume":"25","author":"Fettweis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28620-1","article-title":"Microbial-Driven Preterm Labour Involves Crosstalk between the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response","volume":"13","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904451","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.904451","article-title":"Neutrophils Dominate the Cervical Immune Cell Population in Pregnancy and Their Transcriptome Correlates with the Microbial Vaginal Environment","volume":"13","author":"Hadingham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2015.11.002","article-title":"Cervical Leukocytes and Spontaneous Preterm Birth","volume":"113","author":"Hunter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"47","article-title":"Cervicovaginal Inflammation and Neutrophils Infiltration\/Activation in Women at High-Risk of Prematurity","volume":"129","author":"Molina","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2087","article-title":"Recognition of Peptidoglycan from the Microbiota by Nod1 Enhances Systemic Innate Immunity","volume":"16","author":"Clarke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2019.1621807","article-title":"How Do Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Change in Women with Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes, and Threaten Preterm Labour?","volume":"40","author":"Ozel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-1770.ijrcog20211147","article-title":"Role of Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio in Determining the Outcomes of Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes","volume":"10","author":"Lakshmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Reprod. Contracept. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6668381","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6668381","article-title":"The Association of Inflammatory Biomarker of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio with Spontaneous Preterm Delivery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2021","author":"Vakili","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.117681","article-title":"Phenotypic and Metabolic Characteristics of Maternal Monocytes and Granulocytes in Preterm Labor with Intact Membranes","volume":"185","author":"Gervasi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takeda, J., Fang, X., and Olson, D.M. (2017). Pregnant Human Peripheral Leukocyte Migration during Several Late Pregnancy Clinical Conditions: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-1204-5"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.083","article-title":"The Alabama Preterm Birth Study: Polymorphonuclear and Mononuclear Cell Placental Infiltrations, Other Markers of Inflammation, and Outcomes in 23- to 32-Week Preterm Newborn Infants","volume":"195","author":"Andrews","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2010.02.003","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Clinical Chorioamnionitis","volume":"37","author":"Tita","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"463137","article-title":"Determining the Maternal and Fetal Cellular Immunologic Contributions in Preterm Deliveries with Clinical or Subclinical Chorioamnionitis","volume":"5","author":"McNamara","year":"1900","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.09.013","article-title":"Are Amniotic Fluid Neutrophils in Women with Intraamniotic Infection and\/or Inflammation of Fetal or Maternal Origin?","volume":"217","author":"Romero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900262","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Human Fetal Membranes Induce Neutrophil Activation and Release of Vital Neutrophil Extracellular Traps","volume":"203","author":"Tong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.111.098475","article-title":"Complement C5a Regulates Prolabor Mediators in Human Placenta1","volume":"86","author":"Lappas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2015.02.008","article-title":"Blood SC5b-9 Complement Levels Increase at Parturition during Term and Preterm Labor","volume":"109","author":"Zurita","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"941","article-title":"The Relationship of Amniotic Fluid Cytokines and Preterm Delivery, Amniotic Fluid Infection, Histologic Chorioamnionitis, and Chorioamnion Infection","volume":"81","author":"Hillier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.3109\/14767050902994747","article-title":"Evidence for Complement Activation in the Amniotic Fluid of Women with Spontaneous Preterm Labor and Intra-Amniotic Infection","volume":"22","author":"Soto","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e220","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2018.33.e220","article-title":"Complement C3a, But Not C5a, Levels in Amniotic Fluid Are Associated with Intra-Amniotic Infection and\/or Inflammation and Preterm Delivery in Women with Cervical Insufficiency or an Asymptomatic Short Cervix (\u226425 Mm)","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(00)99072-0","article-title":"Human Neutrophil Collagenase (Matrix Metalloproteinase 8) in Parturition, Premature Rupture of the Membranes, and Intrauterine Infection","volume":"183","author":"Maymon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/jmf.12.4.237.246","article-title":"Neutrophil Elastase and Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor in Prelabor Rupture of Membranes, Parturition and Intra-Amniotic Infection","volume":"12","author":"Helmig","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12723","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12723","article-title":"Amniotic Fluid Neutrophils Can Phagocytize Bacteria: A Mechanism for Microbial Killing in the Amniotic Cavity","volume":"78","author":"Romero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-019-01308-x","article-title":"Cellular Immune Responses in Amniotic Fluid of Women with Preterm Clinical Chorioamnionitis","volume":"69","author":"Galaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719116678690","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in the Amniotic Cavity of Women with Intra-Amniotic Infection: A New Mechanism of Host Defense","volume":"24","author":"Romero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci. Thousand Oaks Calif"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.116689","article-title":"Umbilical Arteritis and Phlebitis Mark Different Stages of the Fetal Inflammatory Response","volume":"185","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00151","article-title":"Human Cervicovaginal Fluid Biomarkers to Predict Term and Preterm Labor","volume":"6","author":"Heng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0223-9","article-title":"The Interaction between Vaginal Microbiota, Cervical Length, and Vaginal Progesterone Treatment for Preterm Birth Risk","volume":"5","author":"Kindinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15299","article-title":"Vaginal Microbiome in Early Pregnancy and Subsequent Risk of Spontaneous Preterm Birth: A Case\u2013Control Study","volume":"126","author":"Tabatabaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0502-8","article-title":"Increased Richness and Diversity of the Vaginal Microbiota and Spontaneous Preterm Birth","volume":"6","author":"Freitas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155316","article-title":"Vaginal Host Immune-Microbiome Interactions in a Cohort of Primarily African-American Women Who Ultimately Underwent Spontaneous Preterm Birth or Delivered at Term","volume":"137","author":"Florova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02242-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02242-19","article-title":"Vaginal Biomarkers That Predict Cervical Length and Dominant Bacteria in the Vaginal Microbiomes of Pregnant Women","volume":"10","author":"Witkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-020-05560-z","article-title":"Complement and Other Immune-Related Factors in Cervicovaginal Fluid Associated with Intra-Amniotic Infection\/Inflammation and Spontaneous Preterm Delivery in Women with Preterm Labor","volume":"301","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09285-9","article-title":"Cervicovaginal Microbiota and Local Immune Response Modulate the Risk of Spontaneous Preterm Delivery","volume":"10","author":"Elovitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2011.01093.x","article-title":"Identification of Immune Cells by Flow Cytometry in Vaginal Lavages from Women with Vulvovaginitis and Normal Microflora","volume":"67","author":"Giraldo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2012.11.008","article-title":"Altered CD16 Expression on Vaginal Neutrophils from Women with Vaginitis","volume":"167","author":"Beghini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.8755-8920.2000.430203.x","article-title":"Interleukin-8 Levels and Granulocyte Counts in Cervical Mucus During Pregnancy","volume":"43","author":"Luo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00582-9","article-title":"Elevated Vaginal PH and Neutrophils Are Associated Strongly with Early Spontaneous Preterm Birth","volume":"189","author":"Simhan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/12\/10\/1512\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:41:18Z","timestamp":1760143278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/12\/10\/1512"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["life12101512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life12101512","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]}}}