{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T07:03:19Z","timestamp":1760598199021,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Among patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS), in-hospital mortality remains high. In the present study, we aimed to identify factors associated with clinical outcomes of acute MI patients with CS in a contemporary setting. A total of 1102 patients with acute MI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention were included, among whom 196 (17.8%) were complicated by CS. The primary outcome was all-cause death during hospitalization, and factors associated with in-hospital mortality were explored in patients with acute MI and CS. Of the 196 patients with acute MI complicated by CS, 77 (39.3%) died during hospitalization. The rates of non-ST-segment elevation MI (NSTEMI) (33.8% vs. 19.3%, p = 0.02) and culprit lesion in the left main or left anterior descending coronary artery (68.8% vs. 47.9%, p = 0.004) were higher, while left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was lower (24.4 \u00b1 11.7% vs. 39.7 \u00b1 13.8%, p &lt; 0.001) in non-survivors than in survivors. Multivariable analysis identified NSTEMI presentation and lower LVEF as independent predictors of in-hospital death. In conclusion, NSTEMI and low LVEF were identified as factors associated with higher in-hospital mortality. The identification of even higher-risk subsets and targeted therapeutic strategies may be warranted to improve survival of patients with acute MI and CS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12101672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T04:40:36Z","timestamp":1666586436000},"page":"1672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Prognostic Factors of In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Takanori","family":"Sato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3574-0685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuichi","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sakuramaru","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Eastern Chiba Medical Center, Togane, Chiba 283-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tadahiro","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daichi","family":"Yamashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kan","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinichi","family":"Wakabayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Eastern Chiba Medical Center, Togane, Chiba 283-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Kitahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Sano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Eastern Chiba Medical Center, Togane, Chiba 283-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshio","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030798","article-title":"Acute Myocardial Infarction: Changes in Patient Characteristics, Management, and 6-Month Outcomes Over a Period of 20 Years in the FAST-MI Program (French Registry of Acute ST-Elevation or Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) 1995 to 2015","volume":"136","author":"Puymirat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saito, Y., Oyama, K., Tsujita, K., Yasuda, S., and Kobayashi, Y. (J. Cardiol., 2022). Treatment strategies of acute myocardial infarction: Updates on revascularization, pharmacological therapy, and beyond, J. Cardiol., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2022.07.003"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(91)90792-8","article-title":"Did prognosis after acute myocardial infarction change during the past 30 years? A meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Gorgels","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.18323","article-title":"Cardiogenic Shock After Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Review","volume":"326","author":"Samsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.2.190","article-title":"Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock. One-year survival following early revascularization for cardiogenic shock","volume":"285","author":"Hochman","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.05.018","article-title":"Percutaneous Mechanical Circulatory Support in Post-Myocardial Infarction Cardiogenic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Berbach","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1208410","article-title":"Intraaortic balloon support for myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock","volume":"367","author":"Thiele","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038201","article-title":"IABP-SHOCK II Investigators. Intraaortic Balloon Pump in Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction: Long-Term 6-Year Outcome of the Randomized IABP-SHOCK II Trial","volume":"139","author":"Thiele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044007","article-title":"The Evolving Landscape of Impella Use in the United States Among Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Mechanical Circulatory Support","volume":"141","author":"Amin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2022.2735","article-title":"Clinical Outcomes and Cost Associated With an Intravascular Microaxial Left Ventricular Assist Device vs Intra-aortic Balloon Pump in Patients Presenting With Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"182","author":"Miller","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000190","article-title":"Predictors of Outcomes in Myocardial Infarction and Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"26","author":"Acharya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754303","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.754303","article-title":"A Review of Prognosis Model Associated With Cardiogenic Shock After Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2021.04.005","article-title":"Impact of CADILLAC and GRACE risk scores on short- and long-term clinical outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction","volume":"78","author":"Sato","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2021.08.021","article-title":"Impact of Active and Historical Cancer on Short- and Long-Term Outcomes in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"159","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-21-0556","article-title":"Impact of PARIS and CREDO-Kyoto Thrombotic and Bleeding Risk Scores on Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"86","author":"Yamashita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2022.01.003","article-title":"In-hospital adverse events in low-risk patients with acute myocardial infarction\u2014Potential implications for earlier discharge","volume":"79","author":"Sato","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsumoto, T., Saito, Y., Sato, T., Yamashita, D., Suzuki, S., Saito, K., Wakabayashi, S., Kitahara, H., Sano, K., and Kobayashi, Y. (J. Atheroscler. Thromb., 2022). Validation of the Domestic High Bleeding Risk Criteria for Japanese Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction, J. Atheroscler. Thromb., in press.","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.63576"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2022.06.666","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis of Patients With No Standard Modifiable Risk Factors in Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"31","author":"Suzuki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.08.1038","article-title":"Executive Group on behalf of the Joint European Society of Cardiology (ESC)\/American College of Cardiology (ACC)\/American Heart Association (AHA)\/World Heart Federation (WHF) Task Force for the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2018)","volume":"72","author":"Thygesen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s12928-020-00752-5","article-title":"Temporal trends in coronary intervention strategies and the impact on one-year clinical events: Data from a Japanese multi-center real-world cohort study","volume":"37","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s12928-020-00649-3","article-title":"Imaging-guided PCI for event suppression in Japanese acute coronary syndrome patients: Community-based observational cohort registry","volume":"36","author":"Yamashita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s12928-021-00824-0","article-title":"Clinical expert consensus document on intravascular ultrasound from the Japanese Association of Cardiovascular Intervention and Therapeutics (2021)","volume":"37","author":"Saito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/s12928-022-00845-3","article-title":"Expert consensus statement for quantitative measurement and morphological assessment of optical coherence tomography: Update 2022","volume":"37","author":"Fujii","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s12928-020-00731-w","article-title":"Contemporary coronary drug-eluting and coated stents: A mini-review","volume":"36","author":"Saito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(67)90023-9","article-title":"Treatment of myocardial infarction in a coronary care unit. A two year experience with 250 patients","volume":"20","author":"Killip","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s12928-020-00669-z","article-title":"Contemporary use and trends in percutaneous coronary intervention in Japan: An outline of the J-PCI registry","volume":"35","author":"Sawano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.260","article-title":"Clinical picture and risk prediction of short-term mortality in cardiogenic shock","volume":"17","author":"Harjola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2021.11.036","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Patient Characteristics in Cardiogenic Shock Studies: Differences Between Trials and Registries","volume":"15","author":"Megaly","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908263410901","article-title":"Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. SHOCK Investigators. Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"341","author":"Hochman","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000262","article-title":"Differences in the profile, treatment, and prognosis of patients with cardiogenic shock by myocardial infarction classification: A report from NCDR","volume":"6","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.20.2067","article-title":"Cardiogenic shock in patients with acute ischemic syndromes with and without ST-segment elevation","volume":"100","author":"Holmes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12928-021-00829-9","article-title":"CVIT expert consensus document on primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) update 2022","volume":"37","author":"Ozaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Safety of clinical engineer-assisted percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"9","author":"Oguri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otake, H., Ishida, M., Nakano, S., Higuchi, Y., Hibi, K., Kuriyama, N., Iwasaki, M., Kataoka, T., Kubo, T., and Tsujita, K. (Cardiovasc. Interv. Ther., 2022). Comparison of MECHANISM of early and late vascular responses following treatment of ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction with two different everolimus-eluting stents: A randomized controlled trial of biodegradable versus durable polymer stents, Cardiovasc. Interv. Ther., in press.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12928-022-00879-7"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koeda, Y., Ishida, M., Sasaki, K., Kikuchi, S., Yamaya, S., Tsuji, K., Ishisone, T., Goto, I., Kimura, T., and Shimoda, Y. (Cardiovasc. Interv. Ther., 2022). Periprocedural and 30-day outcomes of robotic-assisted percutaneous coronary intervention used in the intravascular imaging guidance, Cardiovasc. Interv. Ther., in press.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12928-022-00864-0"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s12928-021-00833-z","article-title":"Duration and clinical outcome of dual antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention: A retrospective cohort study using a medical information database from Japanese hospitals","volume":"37","author":"Yokoi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1007\/s12928-022-00841-7","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of the modest stent expansion strategy for the culprit lesion of acute myocardial infarction","volume":"37","author":"Watanabe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s12928-021-00827-x","article-title":"Comparison between biodegradable- and durable-polymer everolimus-eluting stents in hemodialysis patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"37","author":"Ito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/s12928-021-00805-3","article-title":"Relationship between in-hospital event rates and high bleeding risk score in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction","volume":"37","author":"Tsukizawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.12.033","article-title":"Early risk stratification of patients with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"103","author":"Arzamendi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00919-7","article-title":"Symptom-onset-to-balloon time and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated by primary angioplasty","volume":"42","author":"Suryapranata","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.664979","article-title":"Gender differences in hospital mortality and use of percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction: Microsimulation analysis of the 1999 nationwide French hospitals database","volume":"115","author":"Milcent","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/12\/10\/1672\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:59:05Z","timestamp":1760144345000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/12\/10\/1672"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["life12101672"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life12101672","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-1729"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]}}}