{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:59:39Z","timestamp":1792000779481,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["NRF-2021R1I1A3049604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1I1A3049604"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["4199990113966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4199990113966"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["NRF-2021R1I1A3049604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1I1A3049604"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["4199990113966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4199990113966"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mandibular fractures are the most common fractures in dentistry. Since diagnosing a mandibular fracture is difficult when only panoramic radiographic images are used, most doctors use cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to identify the patient\u2019s fracture location. In this study, considering the diagnosis of mandibular fractures using the combined deep learning technique, YOLO and U-Net were used as auxiliary diagnostic methods to detect the location of mandibular fractures based on panoramic images without CBCT. In a previous study, mandibular fracture diagnosis was performed using YOLO learning; in the detection performance result of the YOLOv4-based mandibular fracture diagnosis module, the precision score was approximately 97%, indicating that there was almost no misdiagnosis. In particular, fractures in the symphysis, body, angle, and ramus tend to be distributed in the middle of the mandible. Owing to the irregular fracture types and overlapping location information, the recall score was approximately 79%, which increased the detection of undiagnosed fractures. In many cases, fractures that are clearly visible to the human eye cannot be grasped. To overcome these shortcomings, the number of undiagnosed fractures can be reduced using a combination of the U-Net and YOLOv4 learning modules. U-Net is advantageous for the segmentation of fractures spread over a wide area because it performs semantic segmentation. Consequently, the undiagnosed case in the middle of the mandible, where YOLO was weak, was somewhat supplemented by the U-Net module. The precision score of the combined module was 95%, similar to that of the previous method, and the recall score improved to 87%, as the number of undiagnosed cases was reduced. Through this study, the performance of a deep learning method that can be used for the diagnosis of the mandibular bone has been improved, and it is anticipated that as an auxiliary diagnostic inspection device, it will assist dentists in making diagnoses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12111711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T11:53:51Z","timestamp":1666785231000},"page":"1711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Combined Deep Learning Techniques for Mandibular Fracture Diagnosis Assistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3007-8012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Min","family":"Son","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeong-Ah","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu 41940, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7665-4049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyuk-Ju","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1030-381X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung-Hak","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2002.tb00316.x","article-title":"Mandibular fracture patterns in Tasmania, Australia","volume":"47","author":"Dongas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aust. 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Dent."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/12\/11\/1711\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:03:35Z","timestamp":1760144615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/12\/11\/1711"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["life12111711"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life12111711","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]}}}