{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:39:18Z","timestamp":1762079958901,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (EFRE) and the Free State of Saxony","award":["100367226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100367226"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The degeneration of heart valve bioprostheses due to calcification processes is caused by the intercalation of calciumhydroxyapatite in pericardium collagen bundles. Variations of the protein secondary structure of biomaterials according to preparation are relevant for this mineralization process and thus the structural characterization of innovative bioprostheses materials is of great importance. The gold standard for prostheses preparation is glutaraldehyde (GA)-fixation of bovine pericardium that adversely promotes calcification. The novel GA-free SULEEI-treatment of bovine pericardium includes decellularization, UV-crosslinking, and electron beam sterilization. The aim of this study is the structural characterization of SULEEI-treated and GA-fixed bovine pericardium. IR spectroscopic imaging combined with multivariate data and curve fit analysis was applied to investigate the amide I and amide II regions of SULEEI-treated and GA-fixed samples. The spectroscopic images of GA-fixed pericardial tissue exhibited a generally high content of amine groups and side chains providing nucleation points for calcification processes. In contrast, in SULEEI-treated tissue, the typical \u03b1-helical structure was retained and was supposed to be less prone to deterioration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12122035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T02:23:42Z","timestamp":1670293422000},"page":"2035","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Infrared Spectroscopic Verification of a \u03b1-Helical Collagen Structure in Glutaraldehyde-Free Crosslinked Bovine Pericardium for Cardiac Implants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5710-1975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cindy","family":"Welzel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Heart Centre Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulla","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Biotechnological Applications, Fraunhofer Institute for Organic Electronics, Electron Beam and Plasma Technology, 01277 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8047-2774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anett","family":"Jannasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Heart Centre Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Matschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Heart Centre Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sems-Malte","family":"Tugtekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Heart Centre Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Dittfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Heart Centre Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00570-z","article-title":"Global epidemiology of valvular heart disease","volume":"18","author":"Coffey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900527","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201900527","article-title":"In Vitro Thrombogenicity Testing of Biomaterials","volume":"8","author":"Braune","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-201028","article-title":"Immunocompatibility and non-thrombogenicity of gelatin-based hydrogels","volume":"77","author":"Tondera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1730374","article-title":"German Heart Surgery Report 2020: The Annual Updated Registry of the German Society for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery","volume":"69","author":"Beckmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2390","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.04.27","article-title":"Bioengineered tissue solutions for repair, correction and reconstruction in cardiovascular surgery","volume":"10","author":"Iop","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900334","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201900334","article-title":"Mammalian Pericardium-Based Bioprosthetic Materials in Xenotransplantation and Tissue Engineering","volume":"15","author":"Grebenik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1510\/icvts.2010.259747","article-title":"Combined anti-calcification treatment of bovine pericardium withamino compounds and solvents","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030729","article-title":"Standardized Definition of Structural Valve Degeneration for Surgical and Transcatheter Bioprosthetic Aortic Valves","volume":"137","author":"Dvir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-018-0601-7","article-title":"Surgical Treatment of Valvular Heart Disease: Overview of Mechanical and Tissue Prostheses, Advantages, Disadvantages, and Implications for Clinical Use","volume":"20","author":"Fiedler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S111","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/2\/3\/S05","article-title":"Acellular matrix of bovine pericardium bound with L-arginine","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"402","article-title":"Effects of glutaraldehyde concentration and fixation time on material characteristics and calcification of bovine pericardium: Implications for the optimal method of fixation of autologous pericardium used for cardiovascular surgery","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2018.0285","article-title":"Stabilization and Sterilization of Pericardial Scaffolds by Ultraviolet and Low-Energy Electron Irradiation","volume":"24","author":"Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part C Methods"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1705100","article-title":"Sterilization and Cross-Linking Combined with Ultraviolet Irradiation and Low-Energy Electron Irradiation Procedure: New Perspectives for Bovine Pericardial Implants in Cardiac Surgery","volume":"70","author":"Walker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3089.2012.00714.x","article-title":"Alpha-Gal detectors in xenotransplantation research: A word of caution","volume":"19","author":"Naso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Xenotransplantation"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.01.057","article-title":"An overview of tissue and whole organ decellularization processes","volume":"32","author":"Crapo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"3675","article-title":"Decellularization of tissues and organs","volume":"27","author":"Gilbert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3089.2012.00719.x","article-title":"Transplantation material bovine pericardium: Biomechanical and immunogenic characteristics after decellularization vs. glutaraldehyde-fixing","volume":"19","author":"Barth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Xenotransplantation"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.11.017","article-title":"Decellularization of pericardial tissue and its impact on tensile viscoelasticity and glycosaminoglycan content","volume":"7","author":"Avila","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivx416","article-title":"Efficient decellularization for bovine pericardium with extracellular matrix preservation and good biocompatibility","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.00063","article-title":"Which Biological Properties of Heart Valves Are Relevant to Tissue Engineering?","volume":"7","author":"Chester","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.09.023","article-title":"Biomechanical properties of native and tissue engineered heart valve constructs","volume":"47","author":"Hasan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(03)00407-3","article-title":"Stress-strain measurements of human and porcine corneas after riboflavin\u2013ultraviolet-A-induced cross-linking","volume":"29","author":"Wollensak","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680490513182","article-title":"Increased resistance of crosslinked cornea against enzymatic digestion","volume":"29","author":"Spoerl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fertey, J., Bayer, L., Grunwald, T., Pohl, A., Beckmann, J., Gotzmann, G., Casado, J.P., Sch\u00f6nfelder, J., R\u00f6gner, F.H., and Wetzel, C. (2016). Pathogens Inactivated by Low-Energy-Electron Irradiation Maintain Antigenic Properties and Induce Protective Immune Responses. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8110319"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-219119","article-title":"Brillouin confocal microscopy to determine biomechanical properties of SULEEI-treated bovine pericardium for application in cardiac surgery","volume":"79","author":"Jannasch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016556514203","article-title":"Physicochemical and microscopical study of calcific deposits from natural and bioprosthetic heart valves. Comparison and implications for mineralization mechanism","volume":"13","author":"Mikroulis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4236\/jbpc.2011.21003","article-title":"Study on the structure and composition of aortic valve calcific deposits. etiological aspects","volume":"2","author":"Prieto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biophys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2019.02.006","article-title":"Spectral fingerprinting of decellularized heart valve scaffolds","volume":"214","author":"Oldenhof","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"231","article-title":"Atomic force microscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy investigations of human heart valves","volume":"25","author":"Jastrzebska","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gen. Physiol. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dittfeld, C., Mieting, A., Welzel, C., Jannasch, A., Matschke, K., Tugtekin, S.M., and Steiner, G. (2020). Molecular Spectroscopic Imaging Offers a Systematic Assessment of Pathological Aortic Valve and Prosthesis Tissue in Biomineralization. Crystals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst10090763"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e018506","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.018506","article-title":"Degeneration of bioprosthetic heart valves: Update 2020","volume":"9","author":"Kostyunin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-016-1555-0","article-title":"Impact of Detergent-Based Decellularization Methods on Porcine Tissues for Heart Valve Engineering","volume":"44","author":"Roosens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-021-01910-w","article-title":"A quantitative discriminant method of elbow point for the optimal number of clusters in clustering algorithm","volume":"2021","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eurasip J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2007.06.004","article-title":"Infrared spectroscopy of proteins","volume":"1767","author":"Barth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta\u2014Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2022, August 02). US6561970B1. Methods for Treating Implantable Biological Tissues to Mitigate the Calcification Thereof and Bioprosthetic Articles Treated by Such Methods. Google Patents. Available online: https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US6561970B1\/en."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00123371","article-title":"Glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent for collagen-based biomaterials","volume":"6","author":"Dijkstra","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dittfeld, C., K\u00f6nig, U., Welzel, C., Jannasch, A., Matschke, K., Sperling, C., Tugtekin, S.M., and Maitz, M.F. (2021). Haemocompatibility Testing Allows Selective Adaption of GA-Free SULEEI-Preparation Strategy for Bovine Pericardium, European Society of Cardiology (ESC).","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab724.3336"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-008-1989-9","article-title":"Application of multivariate data-analysis techniques to biomedical diagnostics based on mid-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"391","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"056014","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.17.5.056014","article-title":"Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging of cardiac tissue to detect collagen deposition after myocardial infarction","volume":"17","author":"Cheheltani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2013.11.016","article-title":"Protein stability in stored decellularized heart valve scaffolds and diffusion kinetics of protective molecules","volume":"1844","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta\u2014Proteins Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.02.024","article-title":"Crystallinity of hydroxyapatite drives myofibroblastic activation and calcification in aortic valves","volume":"71","author":"Richards","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/12\/12\/2035\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:34:45Z","timestamp":1760146485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/12\/12\/2035"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["life12122035"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life12122035","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-1729"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]]}}}