{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T17:37:19Z","timestamp":1775065039790,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIP-2019-04-7194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIP-2019-04-7194"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease, affecting one third of the Western population. The hallmark of the disease is excessive storage of fat in the liver. Most commonly, it is caused by metabolic syndrome (or one of its components). Even though the development of NAFLD has multiple effects on the human organism resulting in systemic chronic low-grade inflammation, this review is focused on NAFLD as a risk factor for the onset, progression, and outcomes of infectious diseases. The correlation between NAFLD and infections is still unclear. Multiple factors (obesity, chronic inflammation, altered immune system function, insulin resistance, altered intestinal microbiota, etc.) have been proposed to play a role in the development and progression of infections in people with NAFLD, although the exact mechanism and the interplay of mentioned factors is still mostly hypothesized. In this article we review only the selection of well-researched topics on NAFLD and infectious diseases (bacterial pneumonia, COVID, H. pylori, urinary tract infections, C. difficile, bacteremia, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, and periodontitis).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12122052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T02:17:57Z","timestamp":1670465877000},"page":"2052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Role of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Juraj","family":"Krznari\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department for Viral Hepatitis, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Vince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department for Viral Hepatitis, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.81","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Definitions, risk factors, and workup","volume":"1","author":"Puri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1618","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Screening in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in the Primary Care Setting","volume":"5","author":"Barbosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i6.846","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: The diagnosis and management","volume":"7","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.109","article-title":"Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: Trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention","volume":"15","author":"Younossi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bqaa134","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa134","article-title":"NAFLD and NASH in Postmenopausal Women: Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"161","author":"DiStefano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i3.237","article-title":"Aging is a risk factor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in premenopausal women","volume":"18","author":"Hamaguchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasiri-Ansari, N., Androutsakos, T., Flessa, C.-M., Kyrou, I., Siasos, G., Randeva, H.S., Kassi, E., and Papavassiliou, A.G. (2022). Endothelial Cell Dysfunction and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): A Concise Review. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11162511"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00639-3","article-title":"Immune cell-mediated features of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"22","author":"Huby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.740","article-title":"Con: Liver Biopsy Remains the Gold Standard to Evaluate Fibrosis in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"13","author":"Berger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"e18201","article-title":"Decoding the Pathophysiology of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Progressing to Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis: A Systematic Review","volume":"13","author":"Yaqub","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1136\/flgastro-2018-101119","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in non-obese individuals","volume":"11","author":"Phipps","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14597","article-title":"NAFLD is related to Post-prandial Triglyceride-enrichment of HDL Particles in Association with Endothelial and HDL Dysfunction","volume":"40","author":"Verwer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-015-0123-1","article-title":"The role of fatty acids in insulin resistance","volume":"14","author":"Sears","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.12.012","article-title":"NAFLD: A multisystem disease","volume":"62","author":"Byrne","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du Plessis, J., Korf, H., Van Pelt, J., Windmolders, P., Vander Elst, I., Verrijken, A., Hubens, G., Van Gaal, L., Cassiman, D., and Nevens, F. (2016). Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines but Not Endotoxin-Related Parameters Associate with Disease Severity in Patients with NAFLD. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166048"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5556354","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5556354","article-title":"NAFLD and Infection, a Nuanced Relationship","volume":"2021","author":"Adenote","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S330526","article-title":"Diagnostic Value of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Evaluated Using Transient Elastography (TE) with Controlled Attenuated Parameter (CAP)","volume":"15","author":"Lesmana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00628.x","article-title":"Th17 cells in human disease","volume":"223","author":"Tesmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880298","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.880298","article-title":"Association of Inflammatory Cytokines with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"13","author":"Duan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.653293","article-title":"Complement Component C3: A Novel Biomarker Participating in the Pathogenesis of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c120020","article-title":"Apoptosis and Necrosis in the Liver","volume":"3","author":"Guicciardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.47143","article-title":"Kupffer Cells in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Friend or Foe?","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26835","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000026835","article-title":"Decline in serum albumin concentration is a predictor of serious events in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"100","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-009-9156-8","article-title":"Serum \u03b1-fetoprotein levels in liver steatosis","volume":"3","author":"Purnak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21329","article-title":"\u03b11-Antitrypsin mutations in NAFLD: High prevalence and association with altered iron metabolism but not with liver damage","volume":"44","author":"Valenti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1210-2357","article-title":"Liver Expressed Antimicrobial Peptide 2 is Associated with Steatosis in Mice and Humans","volume":"129","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0b013e328337b3f8","article-title":"Hemostatic alterations in fatty liver disease","volume":"21","author":"Kargili","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marmur, J., Beshara, S., Eggertsen, G., Onel\u00f6v, L., Albiin, N., Danielsson, O., Hultcrantz, R., and St\u00e5l, P. (2018). Hepcidin levels correlate to liver iron content, but not steatohepatitis, in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-018-0804-0"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2015.06.020","article-title":"Metabolic endotoxemia with obesity: Is it real and is it relevant?","volume":"124","author":"Boutagy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000349","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"33","author":"Brandl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.019","article-title":"Infections in Patients with Cirrhosis Increase Mortality Four-Fold and Should Be Used in Determining Prognosis","volume":"139","author":"Arvaniti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2014.889129","article-title":"The Role of the Liver in Sepsis","volume":"33","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557518666181025153712","article-title":"Association between Vitamin D Levels and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Potential Confounding Variables","volume":"19","author":"Pacifico","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mini-Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1202941","article-title":"Global and Local Epidemiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia: The Experience of the CAPNETZ Network","volume":"30","author":"Welte","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"198","article-title":"Association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"19","author":"Nseir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcy227","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and 30-day all-cause mortality in adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"112","author":"Nseir","year":"2018","journal-title":"QJM Int. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.5.3233","article-title":"Etiology and Outcome of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"128","author":"Falguera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2019.09.007","article-title":"Mortality association between obesity and pneumonia using a dual restricted cohort model","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes. Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12206","article-title":"Obesity, diabetes and pneumonia: The menacing interface of non-communicable and infectious diseases","volume":"18","author":"Mathews","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2012.04.006","article-title":"Obesity and respiratory infections: Does excess adiposity weigh down host defense?","volume":"26","author":"Mancuso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-12-61","article-title":"Obesity survival paradox in pneumonia: A meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Nie","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5471","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV -2 and the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"251","author":"Bourgonje","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000004","article-title":"Is There a Paradox in Obesity?","volume":"22","author":"Goyal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.09.027","article-title":"Obese patients with NASH have increased hepatic expression of SARS-CoV-2 critical entry points","volume":"74","author":"Fondevila","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v13.i8.916","article-title":"Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and COVID-19: A literature review of current evidence","volume":"13","author":"Anirvan","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3062","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1802","article-title":"Independent Predictors of Mortality Among Patients with NAFLD Hospitalized With COVID-19 Infection","volume":"6","author":"Younossi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forlano, R., Mullish, B.H., Mukherjee, S.K., Nathwani, R., Harlow, C., Crook, P., Judge, R., Soubieres, A., Middleton, P., and Daunt, A. (2020). In-hospital mortality is associated with inflammatory response in NAFLD patients admitted for COVID-19. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240400"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.044","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective study","volume":"73","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bramante, C., Tignanelli, C.J., Dutta, N., Jones, E., Tamariz, L., Clark, J.M., Usher, M., Metlon-Meaux, G., and Ikramuddin, S. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and risk of hospitalization for Covid-19. medRxiv, 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.09.01.20185850"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofac073","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac073","article-title":"Association of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease With COVID-19 Severity and Pulmonary Thrombosis: CovidFAT, a Prospective, Observational Cohort Study","volume":"9","author":"Vrsaljko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-1240","article-title":"Involvement of the Liver in COVID-19: A Systematic Review","volume":"106","author":"Kariyawasam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11397","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.0c00524","article-title":"Drug Induced Liver Injury (DILI). Mechanisms and Medicinal Chemistry Avoidance\/Mitigation Strategies","volume":"63","author":"Norman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i8.2592","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection is not associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"22","author":"Baeg","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S237866","article-title":"Relationship Between Helicobacter pylori Infection and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in a Developing Country: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"13","author":"Sabal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"386","article-title":"Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease is As-sociated with Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection in Premenopausal Women Independent of Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Nseir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.15403\/10.15403\/jgld.2014.1121.274.nac","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and urolithiasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Wijarnpreecha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4137","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004137","article-title":"Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and risk of urinary tract infection in infants","volume":"95","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2012.11.006","article-title":"The association between obesity and urinary tract infection","volume":"24","author":"Saliba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2018.02.006","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota in Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"50","author":"Samarkos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"569","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a risk factor for Clostridioides difficile infection","volume":"39","author":"Vince","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcz283","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea","volume":"113","author":"Nseir","year":"2019","journal-title":"QJM Int. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160amadan, L., Jeli\u010di\u0107, M., Vince, A., and Papi\u0107, N. (2021). Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease\u2014A Novel Risk Factor for Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070780"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"3328","article-title":"Fatty Liver Is Associated with Recurrent Bacterial Infections Independent of Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"56","author":"Nseir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2906","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14696","article-title":"Intestinal permeability in human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-019-01649-8","article-title":"Intestinal microbiome and NAFLD: Molecular insights and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"55","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2015.10.004","article-title":"The association between primary bacteremia of presumed gastrointestinal origin and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"48","author":"Nseir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.37797\/ig.40.4.2","article-title":"Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease is Associated with an Increased Mortality in Adult Patients with Group B Streptococcus Invasive Disease","volume":"40","author":"Vince","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infektolo\u0161ki Glas"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adinolfi, L.E., Rinaldi, L., Guerrera, B., Restivo, L., Marrone, A., Giordano, M., and Zampino, R. (2016). NAFLD and NASH in HCV Infection: Prevalence and Significance in Hepatic and Extrahepatic Manifestations. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060803"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002133","article-title":"Monocyte-macrophage activation is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fibrosis in HIV monoinfection independently of the gut microbiome and bacterial translocation","volume":"33","author":"Maurice","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28917","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection and decreased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A cohort study","volume":"65","author":"Joo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.14196\/mjiri.31.62","article-title":"Study of Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontal diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Rafiei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. J. Islam. Repub. Iran"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoneda, M., Naka, S., Nakano, K., Wada, K., Endo, H., Mawatari, H., Imajo, K., Nomura, R., Hokamura, K., and Ono, M. (2012). Involvement of a periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis on the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-12-16"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/12\/12\/2052\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:35:56Z","timestamp":1760146556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/12\/12\/2052"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["life12122052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life12122052","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]}}}