{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:00:29Z","timestamp":1790629229260,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thyroid eye disease (TED), an autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the orbit, presents with a potential array of clinical sequelae. The pathophysiology behind TED has been partially characterized in the literature. There remain certain elusive mechanisms welcoming of research advances. Disease presentation can vary, but those that follow a characteristic course start mild and increase in severity before plateauing into an inactive phase. Diagnosis and evaluation include careful physical examination, targeted laboratory work up, appropriate imaging studies, and tailored treatment regimens. Special consideration may apply to certain populations, such as pediatric and pregnant patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12122084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T01:56:06Z","timestamp":1670896566000},"page":"2084","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Thyroid Eye Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ramy","family":"Rashad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Sohrab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Greenwich, CT 06831, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2842-9119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto G.","family":"Distefano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, NY 10003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1115","article-title":"An update on thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy in children and adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Kociecki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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