{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:16:51Z","timestamp":1793045811014,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education and Science of Russia","award":["075-15-2021-1356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2021-1356"]}]},{"name":"RUDN University Strategic Academic Leadership Program","award":["075-15-2021-1356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2021-1356"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current understanding of the effects of radiation is gradually becoming broader. However, it still remains unclear why some patients respond to radiation with a pronounced positive response, while in some cases the disease progresses. This is the motivation for studying the effects of radiation therapy not only on tumor cells, but also on the tumor microenvironment, as well as studying the systemic effects of radiation. In this framework, we review the biological effects of two types of radiotherapy: photon and proton irradiations. Photon therapy is a commonly used type of radiation therapy due to its wide availability and long-term history, with understandable and predictable outcomes. Proton therapy is an emerging technology, already regarded as the method of choice for many cancers in adults and children, both dosimetrically and biologically. This review, written after the analysis of more than 100 relevant literary sources, describes the local effects of photon and proton therapy and shows the mechanisms of tumor cell damage, interaction with tumor microenvironment cells and effects on angiogenesis. After systematic analysis of the literature, we can conclude that proton therapy has potentially favorable toxicological profiles compared to photon irradiation, explained mainly by physical but also biological properties of protons. Despite the fact that radiobiological effects of protons and photons are generally similar, protons inflict reduced damage to healthy tissues surrounding the tumor and hence promote fewer adverse events, not only local, but also systemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13010030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T02:36:46Z","timestamp":1671763006000},"page":"30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Photon- and Proton-Mediated Biological Effects: What Has Been Learned?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Enar","family":"Jumaniyazova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniil","family":"Smyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center, Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (A. Tsyb MRRC), 4, Korolev Street, 249036 Obninsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8650-8240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polina","family":"Vishnyakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V. I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6498-5764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timur","family":"Fatkhudinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Growth and Development, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBI \u201cPetrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery\u201d, 117418 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3146-5615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantin","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center, Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (A. Tsyb MRRC), 4, Korolev Street, 249036 Obninsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21324","article-title":"The role of radiotherapy in cancer treatment","volume":"104","author":"Delaney","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-2676","article-title":"Radiotherapy Combined with the Immunocytokine L19-IL2 Provides Long-lasting Antitumor Effects","volume":"21","author":"Zegers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. 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