{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:36:02Z","timestamp":1788366962716,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Treatment refractory or recurrent trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a severe chronic pain illness. Single-session repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been shown to elicit analgesic effects in several craniofacial pain syndromes, including TN. However, the safety and long-term effect of multi-session rTMS for TN have yet to be fully explored. In this study, we present a case of a patient with medical treatment-refractory TN after microvascular decompression. The patient volunteered to undergo 73 sessions of 10 Hz rTMS over 23 months. Neurovagination was used for precise localization and stimulation of the hand and face representation at the left motor cortex. The numeric pain intensity scores derived using the visual analog scale served as a daily index of treatment efficacy. The patient experienced a significant weekly reduction in pain scores, cumulating in 70.89% overall pain relief. The medication dosages were reduced and then discontinued toward the end of the intervention period. No severe adverse events were reported. From our results, we can conclude that the longitudinal multi-session application of rTMS over the hand and face area of M1 is a safe and effective method for producing long-lasting pain relief in TN. Using rTMS may thus prove helpful as an adjunct to conventional methods for treating pain in TN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13010126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T02:05:53Z","timestamp":1672711553000},"page":"126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Twenty-Three Months Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Primary Motor Cortex for Refractory Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Single-Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8298-1663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sascha","family":"Freigang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9938-2285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shane","family":"Fresnoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"BioTechMed, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Lehner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3221-9643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominyka","family":"Jasinskait\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kariem Mahdy","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla","family":"Zaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Mokry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g474","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"348","author":"Zakrzewska","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1988.68.4.0559","article-title":"Bilateral trigeminal neuralgia: A 14-year experience with microvascular decompression","volume":"68","author":"Pollack","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. 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