{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T22:27:04Z","timestamp":1781130424487,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CSEU La Salle-Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid","award":["2022A36005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A36005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The main objectives of this review were, firstly, to study the effect of different physiotherapy interventions on BDNF levels, and, secondly, to analyze the influence of physiotherapy on pain levels to subsequently draw conclusions about its possible relationship with BDNF. Background: Based on the theory that neurotrophic factors such as BDNF play a fundamental role in the initiation and\/or maintenance of hyperexcitability of central neurons in pain, it was hypothesized that the levels of this neurotrophic factor may be modified by the application of therapeutic interventions, favoring a reduction in pain intensity. Methods: A literature search of multiple electronic databases (Pubmed, PsycINFO, Medline (Ebsco), Scopus, WOS, Embase) was conducted to identify randomized control trials (RCTs) published without language restrictions up to and including March 2022. The search strategy was based on the combination of medical terms (Mesh) and keywords relating to the following concepts: \u201cpain\u201d, \u201cchronic pain\u201d, \u201cbrain derived neurotrophic factor\u201d, \u201cBDNF\u201d, \u201cphysiotherapy\u201d, and \u201cphysical therapy\u201d. A total of seven papers were included. Results: There were two studies that showed statistically significant differences in pain intensity reduction and an increase in the BDNF levels that used therapies such as rTMS and EIMS in patients with chronic myofascial pain. However, the same conclusions cannot be drawn for the other physical therapies applied. Conclusions: rTMS and EIMS interventions achieved greater short-term reductions in pain intensity and increased BDNF over other types of interventions in chronic myofascial pain patients, as demonstrated by a moderate amount of evidence. In contrast, other types of physical therapy (PT) interventions did not appear to be more effective in decreasing pain intensity and increasing BDNF levels than placebo PT or minimal intervention, as a low amount of evidence was found.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13010163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T01:48:19Z","timestamp":1672969699000},"page":"163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effect of Different Physical Therapy Interventions on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels in Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain Patients: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0564-9557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Di-Bonaventura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Internacional de Doctorado, Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1314-624X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josu\u00e9","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Carnero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tratamiento del Dolor, Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander, 28922 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"La Paz Hospital Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Motion in Brains Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Movement Sciences (INCIMOV), Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Auton\u00f3ma de Madrid, 28023 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n de Dolor Musculoesqueletico y Control Motor, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Matesanz-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisioterapia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, CSEU La Salle, Universidad Auton\u00f3ma de Madrid, 28023 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4971-9780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Arribas-Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Internacional de Doctorado, Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8559-2217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Polli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain in Motion Research Group (PAIN), Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 22, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Blok D, Bus 7001, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5495-8458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Ferrer-Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"La Paz Hospital Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Motion in Brains Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Movement Sciences (INCIMOV), Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Auton\u00f3ma de Madrid, 28023 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Fisioterapia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, CSEU La Salle, Universidad Auton\u00f3ma de Madrid, 28023 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00393-7","article-title":"Chronic pain: An update on burden, best practices, and new advances","volume":"397","author":"Cohen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00022.2017","article-title":"Comparative Physiology of Nociception and Pain","volume":"33","author":"Sneddon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.09.030","article-title":"Central sensitization: Implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain","volume":"152","author":"Woolf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.162","article-title":"Structural plasticity and reorganisation in chronic pain","volume":"18","author":"Kuner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2014.994506","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor as a driving force behind neuroplasticity in neuropathic and central sensitization pain: A new therapeutic target?","volume":"19","author":"Nijs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2006.01.005","article-title":"BDNF in sensory neurons and chronic pain","volume":"55","author":"Obata","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy009","article-title":"Brain-Derived neurotrophic factor derived from sensory neurons plays a critical role in chronic pain","volume":"141","author":"Sikandar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.2174\/157015911798376208","article-title":"Role of Neurotrophins in Neuropathic Pain","volume":"9","author":"Siniscalco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-017-0510-4","article-title":"BDNF: A Key Factor with Multipotent Impact on Brain Signaling and Synaptic Plasticity","volume":"38","author":"Lietzau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577406","article-title":"The emerging role of the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway in the modulation of pain perception","volume":"349","author":"Cappoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2544","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2544","article-title":"The effect of physical exercise on circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy subjects: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"877","article-title":"Electrical Intramuscular Stimulation in Osteoarthritis Enhances the Inhibitory Systems in Pain Processing at Cortical and Cortical Spinal System","volume":"17","author":"Deitos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01218","article-title":"Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to Improve the Dysfunction of Descending Pain Modulatory System Related to Opioids in Chronic Non-cancer Pain: An Integrative Review of Neurobiology and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Zortea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Higgins, J.W.V., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., and Page, M. (2021). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, John Wiley & Sons. Version 6.2."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.02.003","article-title":"Updating guidance for reporting systematic reviews: Development of the PRISMA 2020 statement","volume":"134","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1053\/apnr.2002.34181","article-title":"Popping the (PICO) question in research and evidence-based practice","volume":"15","author":"Stone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/83.8.713","article-title":"Reliability of the PEDro Scale for Rating Quality of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"83","author":"Maher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(14)60281-6","article-title":"Evidence for physiotherapy practice: A survey of the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro)","volume":"48","author":"Moseley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aust. J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.2000.87.3f.1171","article-title":"Creating Comparability Among Reliability Coefficients: The Case O F Cronbach","volume":"87","author":"Kappa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol. Reporfr O Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2593","article-title":"Unaltered low nerve growth factor and high brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in plasma from patients with fibromyalgia after a 15-week progressive resistance exercise","volume":"51","author":"Jablochkova","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"13","article-title":"Measurement of pain","volume":"57","author":"McGrath","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Nestle"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.017","article-title":"Modulatory effects of different exercise modalities on the functional connectivity of the periaqueductal grey and ventral tegmental area in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A randomised multimodal magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"123","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.05.001","article-title":"Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Increases the Corticospinal Inhibition and the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Chronic Myofascial Pain Syndrome: An Explanatory Double-Blinded, Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial","volume":"15","author":"Medeiros","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00388","article-title":"Insights About the Neuroplasticity State on the Effect of Intramuscular Electrical Stimulation in Pain and Disability Associated with Chronic Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MPS): A Double-Blind, Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial","volume":"12","author":"Botelho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12477","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30127-z","article-title":"Cognitive effects of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with working memory training in fibromyalgia: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"8","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S181019","article-title":"Intramuscular electrical stimulus potentiates motor cortex modulation effects on pain and descending inhibitory systems in knee osteoarthritis: A randomized, factorial, sham-controlled study","volume":"12","author":"Lech","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"122","article-title":"Effect of Deep Intramuscular Stimulation and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Neurophysiological Biomarkers in Chronic Myofascial Pain Syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Medeiros","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2017.30.4.243","article-title":"Practical statistics in pain research","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203173","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/203173","article-title":"Effect of Yoga on Pain, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, and Serotonin in Premenopausal Women with Chronic Low Back Pain","volume":"2014","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-011-2348-2","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and exercise in fibromyalgia syndrome patients: A mini review","volume":"32","author":"Nugraha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1393.002","article-title":"Does Meditation Enhance Cognition and Brain Plasticity?","volume":"1172","author":"Xiong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-07-0376","article-title":"Plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor daily variations in men: Correlation with cortisol circadian rhythm","volume":"197","author":"Begliuomini","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.10.057","article-title":"Endogenous modulation of TrkB signaling by treadmill exercise after peripheral nerve injury","volume":"340","author":"Cobianchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2220\/biomedres.42.67","article-title":"Analgesic effect of voluntary exercise in a rat model of persistent pain via suppression of microglial activation in the spinal cord","volume":"42","author":"Risa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0174-x","article-title":"Physical activity and muscle\u2013brain crosstalk","volume":"15","author":"Pedersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.06.011","article-title":"Serum neurotrophins\u2014A study on the time course and influencing factors in a large old age sample","volume":"28","author":"Ziegenhorn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2006.09.004","article-title":"Estrogen and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in hippocampus: Complexity of steroid hormone-growth factor interactions in the adult CNS","volume":"27","author":"Scharfman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00181-1","article-title":"Alterations of serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in depressed patients with or without antidepressants","volume":"54","author":"Shimizu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03490","article-title":"The importance of physical fitness for the relationship of BDNF with obesity measures in young normal-weight adults","volume":"6","author":"Alomari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.05.043","article-title":"Pre- and postsynaptic twists in BDNF secretion and action in synaptic plasticity","volume":"76","author":"Edelmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2020.106674","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is a full endothelium-derived factor in rats","volume":"128\u2013129","author":"Cefis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.09.093","article-title":"BDNF, produced by a TPO-Stimulated megakaryocytic cell line, regulates autocrine proliferation","volume":"427","author":"Tamura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-08-02978.2000","article-title":"Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Circadian Regulation of the Suprachiasmatic Pacemaker by Light","volume":"20","author":"Liang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.08.006","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor plasma variation during the different phases of the menstrual cycle in women with premenstrual syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Cubeddu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"83","article-title":"Different circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor responses to acute exercise between physically active and sedentary subjects","volume":"11","author":"Nofuji","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.02.057","article-title":"BDNF as an effect modifier for gender effects on pain thresholds in healthy subjects","volume":"514","author":"Stefani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2010.03.002","article-title":"Assessment of patients with neck pain: A review of definitions, selection criteria, and measurement tools","volume":"9","author":"Misailidou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2008.04.004","article-title":"BDNF as a pain modulator","volume":"85","author":"Merighi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Van den Dool, J. (2023, January 01). Non-Invasive Interventions to Alter Maladaptive Neuroplasticity in the Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Systematic Review and a Pilot Study. Available online: studenttheses.uu.nl\/handle\/20.500.12932\/9839."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.04.032","article-title":"BDNF contributes to the neonatal incision-induced facilitation of spinal long-term potentiation and the exacerbation of incisional pain in adult rats","volume":"137","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12516","article-title":"BDNF released during neuropathic pain potentiates NMDA receptors in primary afferent terminals","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21667","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.201582","article-title":"Positive Feedback Regulation between \u03b3-Aminobutyric Acid Type A (GABAA) Receptor Signaling and Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Release in Developing Neurons","volume":"286","author":"Porcher","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/1\/163\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:00:40Z","timestamp":1760119240000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/1\/163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["life13010163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13010163","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]}}}