{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:56:48Z","timestamp":1790085408257,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]],"date-time":"2023-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral microbiota formation begins from birth, and everything from genetic components to the environment, alongside the host\u2019s behavior (such as diet, smoking, oral hygiene, and even physical activity), contributes to oral microbiota structure. Even though recent studies have focused on the gut microbiota\u2019s role in systemic diseases, the oral microbiome represents the second largest community of microorganisms, making it a new promising therapeutic target. Periodontitis and dental caries are considered the two main consequences of oral bacterial imbalance. Studies have shown that oral dysbiosis effects are not limited locally. Due to technological advancement, research identified oral bacterial species in heart valves. This evidence links oral dysbiosis with the development of valvular heart disease (VHD). This review focuses on describing the mechanism behind prolonged local inflammation and dysbiosis, that can induce bacteriemia by direct or immune-mediated mechanisms and finally VHD. Additionally, we highlight emerging therapies based on controlling oral dysbiosis, periodontal disease, and inflammation with immunological and systemic effects, that exert beneficial effects in VHD management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13010182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T02:31:30Z","timestamp":1673231490000},"page":"182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Oral Microbiota in Valvular Heart Disease: Current Knowledge and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9247-5043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ecaterina","family":"Neculae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cSf. Spiridon\u201d County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1730-9306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelina Maria","family":"Gosav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Clinic, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4769-130X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Valasciuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Clinic, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicoleta","family":"Dima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Clinic, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9465-1503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Floria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Clinic, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7144-2506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela Maria","family":"Tanase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Clinic, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, C., Minty, M., Vinel, A., Canceill, T., Loubi\u00e8res, P., Burcelin, R., Kaddech, M., Blasco-Baque, V., and Laurencin-Dalicieux, S. 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