{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:31:42Z","timestamp":1787754702613,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Undoubtedly, diagnosing and managing infections is one of the most challenging issues for orofacial clinicians. As a result of the diversity of symptoms, complicated behavior, and sometimes confusing nature of these conditions, it has become increasingly difficult to diagnose and treat them. It also highlights the need to gain a deeper insight into the orofacial microbiome as we try to improve our understanding of it. In addition to changes in patients\u2019 lifestyles, such as changes in diet, smoking habits, sexual practices, immunosuppressive conditions, and occupational exposures, there have been changes in patients\u2019 lifestyles that complicate the issue. Recent years have seen the development of new infection treatments due to the increased knowledge about the biology and physiology of infections. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the types of infections in the mouth, including the types that viruses, fungi, or bacteria may cause. It is important to note that we searched the published literature in the Scopus, Medline, Google Scholar, and Cochran databases from 2010 to 2021 using the following keywords: \u201cOrofacial\/Oral Infections,\u201d \u201cViral\/Fungal\/Bacterial Infections\u201d, \u201cOral Microbiota\u201d And \u201cOral Microflora\u201d without limiting our search to languages and study designs. According to the evidence, the most common infections in the clinic include herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus, Actinomycosis, and Streptococcus mutans. The purpose of this study is to review the new findings on characteristics, epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and new treatment for these types of infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13020269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T03:16:52Z","timestamp":1674098212000},"page":"269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Current Infections of the Orofacial Region: Treatment, Diagnosis, and Epidemiology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Elahe","family":"Tahmasebi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Keshvad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1516745811, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamyar","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1516745811, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeide","family":"Rahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz 6135715794, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farzad","family":"Nouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 9816743463, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Yazdanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5647-637X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid","family":"Tebyaniyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Research, Islimic Azade University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8329-3205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artak","family":"Heboyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Stomatology, Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Str. Koryun 2, Yerevan 0025, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3022-4390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo Vicentis Oliveira","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontics and Oral Medicine Department, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2016.12.002","article-title":"Oral Mucosal Infections: Insights into Specimen Collection and Medication Management","volume":"61","author":"Santosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. 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