{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:31:53Z","timestamp":1769819513274,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: The frequency of imaging tests grew exponentially in recent years. This increase may differ according to a patient\u2019s sex, age, or socioeconomic status. We aim to analyze the impact of the Council Directive 2013\/59\/Euratom to control exposure to radiation for men and women and explore the impact of patients\u2019 age and socioeconomic status; (2) Methods: The retrospective observational study that includes a catchment population of 234,424. We included data of CT, mammography, radiography (conventional radiography and fluoroscopy) and nuclear medicine between 2007\u20132021. We estimated the associated radiation effective dose per test according using previously published evidence. We calculated a deprivation index according to the postcode of their residence. We divided the study in 2007\u20132013, 2014\u20132019 and 2020\u20132021 (the pandemic period). (3) Results: There was an increase in the number of imaging tests received by men and women after 2013 (p &lt; 0.001), and this increase was higher in women than in men. The frequency of imaging tests decreased during the pandemic period (2020\u20132021), but the frequency of CT and nuclear medicine tests increased even during these years (p &lt; 0.001) and thus, the overall effective mean dose. Women and men living in the least deprived areas had a higher frequency of imaging test than those living in the most deprived areas. (4) Conclusions: The largest increase in the number of imaging tests is due to CTs, which account for the higher amount of effective dose. The difference in the increase of imaging tests carried out in men and women and according to the socioeconomic status could reflect different management strategies and barriers to access in clinical practice. Given the low impact of the available recommendations on the population exposure to radiation and the performance of high-dose procedures such as CT, deserve special attention when it comes to justification and optimization, especially in women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13020289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T02:43:29Z","timestamp":1674182609000},"page":"289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Gender Differences in the Impact of Recommendations on Diagnostic Imaging Tests: A Retrospective Study 2007\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2362-4057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy A.","family":"Parker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez de Elche, 03550 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Moreno-Garijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez de Elche, 03550 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Chilet-Rosell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez de Elche, 03550 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fermina","family":"Lorente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, University Hospital of San Juan de Alicante, Sant Joan d\u2019Alacant, 03550 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1665-0860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blanca","family":"Lumbreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez de Elche, 03550 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2532082010","article-title":"Radiologic and nuclear medicine studies in the United States and worldwide: Frequency, radiation dose, and comparison with other radiation sources\u20141950\u20132007","volume":"253","author":"Mettler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.2478\/raon-2013-0048","article-title":"Estimated collective effective dose to the population from nuclear medicine examinations in Slovenia","volume":"47","author":"Skrk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiol. 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